The absence of differential electrodermal responding in the second half of acquisition does not indicate the absence of fear learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ottmar V. Lipp ◽  
Camilla C. Luck ◽  
Allison M. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Fear Learning

Review of Fear: Learning to cope.

1978 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 970-970
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS R. DENNEY
Keyword(s):  
Fear Learning

Interoceptive fear learning to an inspiratory load using 20% CO2 inhalation as an unconditioned stimulus

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Van Diest ◽  
P. Davenport ◽  
O. Van den Bergh ◽  
E. Robertson ◽  
S. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Inspiratory Load

Mechanisms Behind Prepared-Fear Learning

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Lobue ◽  
James Coan ◽  
Judy Deloache
Keyword(s):  
Fear Learning

Immunization against social fear learning.

2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armita Golkar ◽  
Andreas Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Fear Learning ◽  
Social Fear ◽  
Social Fear Learning

Using a novel paradigm to examine observational fear‐learning across development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael Skversky‐Blocq ◽  
Daniel S. Pine ◽  
Tomer Shechner
Keyword(s):  
Fear Learning

scholarly journals Acetylation of Calmodulin Regulates Synaptic Plasticity and Fear Learning

2021 ◽  
pp. 101034
Author(s):  
Hai-Long Zhang ◽  
Bing Zhao ◽  
Wei Han ◽  
Yi-Bei Sun ◽  
Pin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Fear Learning

scholarly journals Observational Fear Learning in Rats: Role of Trait Anxiety and Ultrasonic Vocalization

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 423
Author(s):  
Markus Fendt ◽  
Claudia Paulina Gonzalez-Guerrero ◽  
Evelyn Kahl
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
Ultrasonic Vocalization ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Learning Procedure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Rats can acquire fear by observing conspecifics that express fear in the presence of conditioned fear stimuli. This process is called observational fear learning and is based on the social transmission of the demonstrator rat’s emotion and the induction of an empathy-like or anxiety state in the observer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of trait anxiety and ultrasonic vocalization in observational fear learning. Two experiments with male Wistar rats were performed. In the first experiment, trait anxiety was assessed in a light–dark box test before the rats were submitted to the observational fear learning procedure. In the second experiment, ultrasonic vocalization was recorded throughout the whole observational fear learning procedure, and 22 kHz and 50 kHz calls were analyzed. The results of our study show that trait anxiety differently affects direct fear learning and observational fear learning. Direct fear learning was more pronounced with higher trait anxiety, while observational fear learning was the best with a medium-level of trait anxiety. There were no indications in the present study that ultrasonic vocalization, especially emission of 22 kHz calls, but also 50 kHz calls, are critical for observational fear learning.

scholarly journals BDNF haploinsufficiency induces behavioral endophenotypes of schizophrenia in male mice that are rescued by enriched environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Harb ◽  
Justina Jagusch ◽  
Archana Durairaja ◽  
Thomas Endres ◽  
Volkmar Leßmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prepulse Inhibition ◽  
Sensorimotor Gating ◽  
Enriched Environment ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Attentional Set ◽  
Attentional Set Shifting ◽  
The Brain

AbstractBrain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is implicated in a number of processes that are crucial for healthy functioning of the brain. Schizophrenia is associated with low BDNF levels in the brain and blood, however, not much is known about BDNF’s role in the different symptoms of schizophrenia. Here, we used BDNF-haploinsufficient (BDNF+/−) mice to investigate the role of BDNF in different mouse behavioral endophenotypes of schizophrenia. Furthermore, we assessed if an enriched environment can prevent the observed changes. In this study, male mature adult wild-type and BDNF+/− mice were tested in mouse paradigms for cognitive flexibility (attentional set shifting), sensorimotor gating (prepulse inhibition), and associative emotional learning (safety and fear conditioning). Before these tests, half of the mice had a 2-month exposure to an enriched environment, including running wheels. After the tests, BDNF brain levels were quantified. BDNF+/− mice had general deficits in the attentional set-shifting task, increased startle magnitudes, and prepulse inhibition deficits. Contextual fear learning was not affected but safety learning was absent. Enriched environment housing completely prevented the observed behavioral deficits in BDNF+/− mice. Notably, the behavioral performance of the mice was negatively correlated with BDNF protein levels. These novel findings strongly suggest that decreased BDNF levels are associated with several behavioral endophenotypes of schizophrenia. Furthermore, an enriched environment increases BDNF protein to wild-type levels and is thereby able to rescue these behavioral endophenotypes.

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