scholarly journals Measuring design diversity: A new application of Ostrom's rule types

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire A. Dunlop ◽  
Jonathan C. Kamkhaji ◽  
Claudio M. Radaelli ◽  
Gaia Taffoni
Keyword(s):  
Design Diversity

scholarly journals Diversity minimization through part combination – a Portuguese railway infrastructure case study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-94
Author(s):  
Diogo Rechena ◽  
Luís Sousa ◽  
Virgínia Infante ◽  
Elsa Henriques
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Product Family ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Railway Infrastructure ◽  
Sustainable Services ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
Design Diversity ◽  
Requirement Changes

Abstract With increasing market needs for product and service variety, companies struggle to provide diversity in cost-effective ways. Through standardization of components with a low perceived added value, companies can take advantage of economies of scale while maintaining product diversity. Railway infrastructure managers face similar challenges of providing economically sustainable services while dealing with the costs of maintaining the system diversity. Typically, unintended design diversity stems from design practices in which existing solutions are not reused for new problems and new solutions are rarely planned considering the dynamics of requirement changes. In this paper we provide a methodology to assess how to standardize different designs to minimize design diversity and to assess design divergence in a product family. The developed methodology is able to take into account any set of standardization compatibility constraints that the user can define. The methodology was applied in the context of a small-scale railway infrastructure manager using a dataset of 223 unique designs of functionally similar components from its electrification system. Depending on the activated compatibility constraints, results indicate that over 60% of components can be reduced to a set of 86 unique designs.

EXPERIENCE IN METRICS AND MEASUREMENTS FOR N-VERSION PROGRAMMING

1994 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 41-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL R. LYU ◽  
JIA-HONG CHEN ◽  
ALGIRDAS AVIŽIENIS
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Flight Control ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Control Software ◽  
Baseline Design ◽  
Software Diversity ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Design Diversity ◽  
Diversity Measurement

The N-Version Programming (NVP) approach applies the idea of design diversity to obtain fault-tolerant software units, called N-Version Software (NVS) units. The effectiveness of this approach is examined by the software diversity achieved in the member versions of an NVS unit. We define and formalize the concept of design diversity and software diversity in this paper. Design diversity is a property naturally applicable to the NVP process to increase its fault-tolerance attributes. The baseline design diversity is characterized by the employment of independent programming teams in the NVP. More design diversity investigations could be enforced in the NVP design process, including different languages, different tools, different algorithms, and different methodologies. Software diversity is the resulting dissimilarities appearing in the NVS member versions. We characterize it from four different points of view that are designated as: structural diversity, fault diversity, tough-spot diversity, and failure diversity. Our goals are to find a way to quantify software diversity and to investigate the measurements which can be applied during the life cycle of NVS to gain confidence that operation will be dependable when NVS is actually employed. The versions from a six-language N-Version Programming project for fault-tolerant flight control software were used in the software diversity measurement.

scholarly journals The investigation of the state of Ukraine furniture industry development under current economic conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-184
Author(s):  
N. Bondarenko ◽  
D. Udalykh
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Furniture Industry ◽  
Number Increase ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Design Diversity

Furniture for a long time has been an integral component of human activity, recreation and everyday life. Its design, diversity and versatility along with the development of human civilization is increasingly becoming the object of further improvement. At present furniture production in Ukraine is the developing industry, gradually entering the European market in terms of quality and design. European furniture market is extremely attractive to operators and, therefore, has dynamics towards the competitor number increase. One of the factors of increasing the industry attractiveness is the support of amendments to the Law of Ukraine «On peculiarities of state regulation of business entities related to the sale and export of timber» by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in April 2015, which imposed temporary, gradual prohibition on the export of raw timber (forest logs) for 10 years. The corresponding partial prohibition entered into force on 11.01.2015, and complete prohibition (including pine wood) - from January 1, 2017. The consequences of this moratorium during the first five years of its operation, which is important in the context of politicization of this problem are analyzed in this paper. The dynamics and structure of the amount of enterprises in industry and the number of employees employed in them are investigated. The volume of furniture industry sales in general and the areas of their implementation (internal or external markets) are analyzed. The next stage is the analysis of the dynamics of the ratio of furniture products exports and imports in Ukraine and determination of the major exporters of such products. The final stage is the investigation of the dynamics of foreign direct investments in the enterprises capital share in this industry in order to identify its investment attractiveness. As a result, it is determined that the introduced moratorium has partial positive impact on the development of furniture industry in Ukraine. However, at present, the furniture industry is not attractive enough for new foreign investment. This is the consequence of significant amount of «shadow» production, which in its turn destabilizes the situation in the furniture market. Ukrainian manufacturers will be able to strengthen their position in domestic market and even abroad, if they solve the main problems in furniture production and eliminate all disincentives.

Architectural Practices for Improving Fault Tolerance in a Service-Driven Environment

2013 ◽  
pp. 188-209
Author(s):  
Raja Ramanathan
Keyword(s):  
Fault Tolerance ◽  
Exception Handling ◽  
Distributed Data ◽  
Shared Services ◽  
Business Services ◽  
Data Caching ◽  
Data Scaling ◽  
Recovery Mechanisms ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Design Diversity

Enterprises that implement Service-driven applications face challenges relating to unprecedented scale, high availability, and fault-tolerance. There is exponential growth with respect to request volume in Service-driven systems, requiring the ability to provide multipoint access to shared services and data while preserving a single system image. Maintaining fault-tolerance in business services is a significant challenge due to their compositional nature, which instills dependencies among the services in the composition. This causes the dependability of the business services to be based on the reliability of the individual services in the composition. This chapter explores the architectural approaches such as service redundancy and design diversity, scaling, clustering, distributed data caching, in-memory data grid, and asynchronous messaging, for improving the dependability of services. It also explores the data scaling bottleneck in data centralization paradigms and illustrates how that presents significant scalability and fault-tolerance challenges in service-driven environments. Prevalent strategies to handle failure recovery such as backward and forward recovery mechanisms as well as the built-in mechanisms in WS-BPEL for exception handling and transactional compensation are discussed.

A Dual Nanoparticle Delivery Strategy for Enhancing Drug Distribution in Cancerous Tissue

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim M. Chamseddine ◽  
Michael Kokkolaras
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Optimization ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Tissue Architecture ◽  
Cancerous Tissue ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Nanoparticle Delivery ◽  
Nanoparticle Design ◽  
Design Diversity

Abstract Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery may be a promising alternative to traditional chemotherapy of high systemic toxicity. Tumor tissue architecture poses a challenge to delivery of nanoparticles. Small and spherical nanoparticles have poor adherence to the tumor vasculature, while larger and more eccentric ones create high heterogeneity in tissue-to-drug exposure. In previous work, we quantified these tradeoffs using numerical optimization. In this study, we demonstrate that simultaneous delivery of multiple nanoparticle designs can enhance drug distribution in the cancerous tissue without compromising nanoparticle tumoral accumulation. We formulate and solve optimization problems to find the optimal constituent of the heterogeneous injection in terms of nanoparticle design diversity that increases drug distribution by 14%.

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