An isopentenyl transferase transgenic wheat isoline exhibits less seminal root growth impairment and a differential metabolite profile under Cd stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabila M. Gomez Mansur ◽  
Liliana B. Pena ◽  
Adrián E. Bossio ◽  
Dalia M. Lewi ◽  
Ailin Y. Beznec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Metabolite Profile ◽  
Transgenic Wheat ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Cd Stress ◽  
Isopentenyl Transferase ◽  
Growth Impairment

scholarly journals Metabolic And Biochemical Changes Associated With Root Growth Restriction Under Cd Stress During Maize Pre-Emergence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina L. Matayoshi ◽  
Liliana B. Pena ◽  
Vicent Arbona ◽  
Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas ◽  
Susana M. Gallego
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Root Apex ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Cd Stress

Abstract Cadmium (Cd) pollution of agricultural soils is a growing global problem. Plant growth restriction is the main visible symptom of Cd toxicity, and this metal may be particularly harmful to the preformed, seminal root during the pre-emergence stage. In the present study, we focused on Cd phytotoxicity on seminal root growth, nutrient composition, redox status, and hormone homeostasis during the pre-emergence stage, distinguishing between the root apex and the remaining root tissue. After 72 h of metal exposure (50 and 100 µM CdCl2), root length and biomass was diminished, as well as Ca, Fe, Mg, and Mn contents. A redox imbalance was evidenced by changes in peroxidase activities and decreased ascorbate-dehydroascorbate ratio in both root parts. There was less accumulation of carbonylated proteins in both root fractions upon exposition to 50 µM Cd, compared to 100 µM Cd, and this was related to increased 20S proteasome activities. Cd incremented ABA, IAA, and SA contents, but drastically reduced the biologically active gibberellin GA4 and the conjugate jasmonoyl isoleucine (JA-Ile). We demonstrated that the whole root tissue is involved in maize response to Cd stress, which entails redox and hormonal rearrangements, probably directed to widen plant defense lines at the expense of root growth.

Differential Root Growth of FourSetariaTaxa

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 364-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Orwick ◽  
M. M. Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
First Order ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Controlled Environments

We studied the early root growth of fourSetariataxa: giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm.), giant green foxtail [Setaria viridisvar.major(Gaud.) Posp.], robust white foxtail (Setaria viridisvar.robusta-albaSchreiber), robust purple foxtail (Setaria viridisvar.robusta-purpureaSchreiber). Growth studies in controlled environments showed significant differences in root elongation among the taxa at three photoperiods. Seminal root lengths after 4 days followed the order presented for selectivity and metabolism of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] and propazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] (robust white foxtail > giant green foxtail = robust purple foxtail > giant foxtail). Giant foxtail had the greatest root diameter, resulting in the greatest surface area and volume when lengths were equated. The order of seminal root lengths or diameters changed little after 7 days. Robust white foxtail had the most and longest first order lateral roots. Diameter of first order laterals showed giant foxtail > giant green foxtail = robust purple foxtail > robust white foxtail.

scholarly journals A Model of the Extension and Branching of a Seminal Root of Barley, and Its Use in Studying Relations Between Root Dimensions I. the Model

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 669 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Hackett ◽  
DA Rose
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Area And Volume

Previous papers have reported that relations between the total number, length, surface area, and volume of graminaceous root members tend to remain roughly constant during vegetative growth. Through the use of a model of the extension and branching of a seminal root of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), which was developed for the purpose, an attempt has now been made to determine the properties of root growth responsible for the phenomenon.

Genetic variation in the root growth response of barley genotypes to salinity stress

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan C. Shelden ◽  
Ute Roessner ◽  
Robert E. Sharp ◽  
Mark Tester ◽  
Antony Bacic
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Wild Barley ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Biochemical Characterisation ◽  
Barley Genotypes

We aimed to identify genetic variation in root growth in the cereal crop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in response to the early phase of salinity stress. Seminal root elongation was examined at various concentrations of salinity in seedlings of eight barley genotypes consisting of a landrace, wild barley and cultivars. Salinity inhibited seminal root elongation in all genotypes, with considerable variation observed between genotypes. Relative root elongation rates were 60–90% and 30–70% of the control rates at 100 and 150 mM NaCl, respectively. The screen identified the wild barley genotype CPI71284–48 as the most tolerant, maintaining root elongation and biomass in response to salinity. Root elongation was most significantly inhibited in the landrace Sahara. Root and shoot Na+ concentrations increased and K+ concentrations decreased in all genotypes in response to salinity. However, the root and shoot ion concentrations did not correlate with root elongation rates, suggesting that the Na+ and K+ concentrations were not directly influencing root growth, at least during the early phase of salt stress. The identification of genetic diversity in root growth responses to salt stress in barley provides important information for future genetic, physiological and biochemical characterisation of mechanisms of salinity tolerance.

scholarly journals Specific effects of certain salts on the growth of roots of young corn seedlings

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Mohammed Hatata ◽  
Michel Farah
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Osmotic Effect ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Corn Roots ◽  
All Solutions ◽  
Osmotic Activity

The effect of different concentrations of NaCl, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, MgCl<sub>2</sub> and MgSO<sub>4</sub> on the growth in length of the first seminal root of corn, and on the change in dry weight of the whole seedling and its separate parts have been studied. The effect of mannitol was also investigated for comparison and to study the osmotic effect. The effect of salts on root growth was dependent on the salt species; all effects were specific for the ions investigated, not due to osmotic activity of the solution. The growth of corn roots was suppressed by concentrations of salts much lower than those required to suppress germination. All solutions tested from 1 to 20 meq/l inhibited growth of the root; the retardation increased with increase of concentration. The effect of salts on growth of corn roots was due to both cations and anions and the effect of sodium was stronger than that of magnesium and chloride was more effects than sulphate.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Deficiency-Induced Decrease in Cytokinins Content Promotes Rice Seminal Root Growth by Promoting Root Meristem Cell Proliferation and Cell Elongation

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 916
Author(s):  
Qi Wang ◽  
Yanchun Zhu ◽  
Xiao Zou ◽  
Fengfeng Li ◽  
Jialiang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Root Meristem ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Meristem Cell ◽  
Root Meristem Cell ◽  
N Deficiency

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings grown under nitrogen (N) deficiency conditions show a foraging response characterized by increased root length. However, the mechanism underlying this developmental plasticity is still poorly understood. In this study, the mechanism by which N deficiency influences rice seminal root growth was investigated. The results demonstrated that compared with the control (1 mM N) treatment, N deficiency treatments strongly promoted seminal root growth. However, the N deficiency-induced growth was negated by the application of zeatin, which is a type of cytokinin (CK). Moreover, the promotion of rice seminal root growth was correlated with a decrease in CK content, which was due to the N deficiency-mediated inhibition of CK biosynthesis through the down-regulation of CK biosynthesis genes and an enhancement of CK degradation through the up-regulation of CK degradation genes. In addition, the N deficiency-induced decrease in CK content not only enhanced the root meristem cell proliferation rate by increasing the meristem cell number via the down-regulation of OsIAA3 and up-regulation of root-expressed OsPLTs, but also promoted root cell elongation by up-regulating cell elongation-related genes, including root-specific OsXTHs and OsEXPs. Taken together, our data suggest that an N deficiency-induced decrease in CK content promotes the seminal root growth of rice seedlings by promoting root meristem cell proliferation and cell elongation.

scholarly journals Supraoptimal Cytokinin Content Inhibits Rice Seminal Root Growth by Reducing Root Meristem Size and Cell Length via Increased Ethylene Content

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 4051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Zou ◽  
Junwei Shao ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Peisai Chen ◽  
Yanchun Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Root Meristem ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Seminal Root ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Meristem Size ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Ethylene Level

Cytokinins (CKs), a class of phytohormone, regulate root growth in a dose-dependent manner. A certain threshold content of CK is required for rapid root growth, but supraoptimal CK content inhibits root growth, and the mechanism of this inhibition remains unclear in rice. In this study, treatments of lovastatin (an inhibitor of CK biosynthesis) and kinetin (KT; a synthetic CK) were found to inhibit rice seminal root growth in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that endogenous CK content is optimal for rapid growth of the seminal root in rice. KT treatment strongly increased ethylene level by upregulating the transcription of ethylene biosynthesis genes. Ethylene produced in response to exogenous KT inhibited rice seminal root growth by reducing meristem size via upregulation of OsIAA3 transcription and reduced cell length by downregulating transcription of cell elongation-related genes. Moreover, the effects of KT treatment on rice seminal root growth, root meristem size and cell length were rescued by treatment with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis), which restored ethylene level and transcription levels of OsIAA3 and cell elongation-related genes. Supraoptimal CK content increases ethylene level by promoting ethylene biosynthesis, which in turn inhibits rice seminal root growth by reducing root meristem size and cell length.

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