scholarly journals Prediction of hydraulic conductivity loss from relative water loss: new insights into water storage of tree stems and branches

2018 ◽  
Vol 165 (4) ◽  
pp. 843-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Rosner ◽  
Berthold Heinze ◽  
Tadeja Savi ◽  
Guillermina Dalla‐Salda
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Conductivity Loss

scholarly journals Pewarisan Sifat Densitas Stomata dan Laju Kehilangan Air Daun (rate leaf water loss RWL) pada Kacang Tanah (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Adisyahputra Adisyahputra ◽  
Sudarsono Sudarsono ◽  
Kukuh Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Quantitative Character ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Qualitative Characters ◽  
Leaf Water Loss ◽  
High Level

The aim of this research is to analyze and examine the inheritance of stomatal density trait and RWL as a variable in drought tolerance ofpeanut. The experiment was conducted by using cv. Kelinci that is sensitive genotype as female parent and US 605 which is tolerantgenotype as male parent, including population off spring from hybrid cv. Kelinci (P1) with US 605 (P2). Stomatal density was determinedby making leaf imprint and by observing leaf imprint under microscope. Relative water loss was determined by dipping peanut leaf in PEG40% for 48 hours. Result of the analysis showed that stomatal density and RWL were not only controlled by qualitative characters of majorgene, but also controlled by quantitative character of minor gene by polygenic with the complex gene action. Both characters seem toinfluence more as genetic factor and have high level fixation additive varians which can give the opportunity to obtain the tolerant offspring.

scholarly journals Ready for Screening: Fast Assessable Hydraulic and Anatomical Proxies for Vulnerability to Cavitation of Young Conifer Sapwood

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1104
Author(s):  
Sabine Rosner ◽  
Sebastian Nöbauer ◽  
Klara Voggeneder
Keyword(s):  
Basic Density ◽  
Tangential Direction ◽  
Air Injection ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Forest Dieback ◽  
Vulnerability To Cavitation ◽  
Plant Groups ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Conductivity Loss

Research Highlights: novel fast and easily assessable proxies for vulnerability to cavitation of conifer sapwood are proposed that allow reliable estimation at the species level. Background and Objectives: global warming calls for fast and easily applicable methods to measure hydraulic vulnerability in conifers since they are one of the most sensitive plant groups regarding drought stress. Classical methods to determine P12, P50 and P88, i.e., the water potentials resulting in 12, 50 and 88% conductivity loss, respectively, are labour intensive, prone to errors and/or restricted to special facilities. Vulnerability proxies were established based on empirical relationships between hydraulic traits, basic density and sapwood anatomy. Materials and Methods: reference values for hydraulic traits were obtained by means of the air injection method on six conifer species. Datasets for potential P50 proxies comprised relative water loss (RWL), basic density, saturated water content as well as anatomical traits such as double wall thickness, tracheid lumen diameter and wall/lumen ratio. Results: our novel proxy P25W, defined as 25% RWL induced by air injection, was the most reliable estimate for P50 (r = 0.95) and P88 (r = 0.96). Basic wood density (r = −0.92), tangential lumen diameters in earlywood (r = 0.88), wall/lumen ratios measured in the tangential direction (r = −0.86) and the number of radial cell files/mm circumference (CF/mm, r = −0.85) were also strongly related to P50. Moreover, CF/mm was a very good predictor for P12 (r = −0.93). Conclusions: the proxy P25W is regarded a strong phenotyping tool for screening conifer species for vulnerability to cavitation assuming that the relationship between RWL and conductivity loss is robust in conifer sapwood. We also see a high potential for the fast and easily applicable proxy CF/mm as a screening tool for drought sensitivity and for application in dendroecological studies that investigate forest dieback.

A decreasing trend in global soil water storage from 1981 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
XinRui Luo ◽  
Shaoda Li ◽  
Wunian Yang ◽  
Liang Liu ◽  
Xiaolu Tang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Soil Drought

<p>Soil water storage serves as a vital resource of the terrestrial ecosystems, and it can significantly influence water cycle and carbon cycling with the frequent occurrence of soil drought induced by land-atmosphere feedbacks. However, there are high variations and uncertainties of root zone soil water storage. This study applied comparison map profile (CMP), Mann-Kendall test, Theil-Sen estimate and partial correlation analysis to (1) estimate the global root zone (0~1 m) soil water storage, (2) and investigate the spatial and temporal patterns from 1981 to 2017 at the global scale, (3) and their relationships with environmental drivers (precipitation, temperature, potential evaportranspiration) using three soil moisture (SM) products – ERA-5, GLDAS and MERRA-2. Globally, the average annual soil water storage from 1981 to 2017 varied significantly, ranging from 138.3 (100 Pg a<sup>-1</sup>, 1 Pg = 10<sup>15</sup> g) in GLDAS to 342.6 (100 Pg a<sup>-1</sup>) in ERA-5. Soil water storage of the three SM products consistently showed a decreasing trend. However, the temporal trend of soil water storage among different climate zones was different, showing a decreasing trend in tropical, temperate and cold zones, but an increasing trend in polar regions. On the other hand, temporal trends in arid regions differed from ERA-5, GLDAS and MERRA-2. Spatially, the SM products differed greatly, particularly for boreal areas with D value higher for 2500 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup> a<sup>-1</sup> and CC value lower for -0.2 between GLDAS and MERRA-2. Over 1981 to 2017, water storage of more than 50% of the global land area suffered from a decreasing trend, especially in Africa and Northeastern of China. Precipitation was the main dominated driver for variation of soil water storage, and distribution varied in different SM products. In conclusion, a global decreasing trend in soil water storage indicate a water loss from soils, and how the water loss affecting carbon sink in terrestrial ecosystems under ongoing climate change needs further investigation.</p>

Wood diurnal capacitance, water storage and their anatomical drivers across 30 temperate angiosperm tree species.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasia Zieminska ◽  
Emily Rosa ◽  
Sean Gleason ◽  
N. Michele Holbrook
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Fresh Sample ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Saturated Sample ◽  
The Common ◽  
Structure Water

<p>Water released from storage into the transpiration stream (termed: capacitance) can play an important role in tree every day hydraulic functioning as well as in tree drought response. However, anatomical underpinnings of capacitance and water storage remain unclear, impeding better understanding of capacitance mechanisms. Across 30 temperate angiosperm tree species, we measured <em>in natura</em> twig wood diurnal capacitance and water content, wood density and anatomical properties: vessel dimensions, tissue fractions and vessel-tissue contact fractions (proportion of vessel circumference in contact with other tissues). We found that wood density and predawn lumen volumetric water content (proportion of wood volume that is occupied by water in lumen) together were the strongest predictors of capacitance (<em>r<sub>adj</sub></em><sup>2</sup>=0.44***). Vessel-tissue contact fractions—vessel-ray, vessel-axial parenchyma and vessel-fibre—each explained an additional ∼10% of variation in capacitance. Parenchyma fraction did not correlate with capacitance challenging the common assumption that parenchyma acts as the main source of capacitance water. Anatomical structure, water content and capacitance relationships differed significantly between diffuse-porous and ring-porous species. Predawn relative water content (water in a fresh sample relative to saturated sample) was on average 0.65±0.13 implying that parts of wood were devoid of water.</p>

scholarly journals Hydraulic characteristics of plow pan constructed sandy paddy soil by adding fly ash

2021 ◽  
pp. 993-1002
Author(s):  
Yang Wei ◽  
Nan Lu ◽  
Bo Yan ◽  
Gang Li
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Paddy Soil ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Wetting Front ◽  
Movement Rate ◽  
Water Storage Capacity

The feasibility of mixing fly ash to sandy soil to build the artificial plow pan of paddy soil in the Yellow River beach was explored. Water infiltration characteristics, saturated hydraulic conductivity, saturated water content and water storage capacity of the artificial plow pan were measured by using laboratory column tests. The results showed that under the same bulk density, when the amount of fly ash increased, the movement rate of the plow pan wetting front, the infiltration rate and the saturated hydraulic conductivity were decreased, then the water content and water storage of the soil layer increased. When the application amount of the fly ash was the same, and when the compaction weight decreased, the wetting front movement rate and saturated hydraulic conductivity increased and the soil water content and water storage capacity decreased. Mixing of fly ash with sand at a ratio of 1:3 (by weight) was found to be ideal for making an artificial of plow pan having bulk density of 1.7 g/cm3. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(3): 993-1002, 2021 (September) Special  

Measurement and simulation of evaporation from a red earth. II. Simulation using different evaporation functions

Soil Research ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
GG Johns
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Field Evaporation ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

The performance of several alternative evaporation functions for simulating water loss from a bare red earth was assessed by including them in a computer model which was used to simulate evaporation both from red earth monoliths in a glasshouse, and from a study site in the field. The coefficients in the different evaporation functions were also optimized to minimize the root mean square discrepancy (RMSD) between simulated and observed soil water contents. RMSD values for the alternative evaporation functions before optimization of coefficients ranged from 3.2 to 7.0 mm for the glasshouse data and from 4.0 to 6.6 mm for the field data. Optimization reduced these values 3.0 to 6.4 mm (glasshouse) and 3.9 to 6.1 mm (field). The sensitivity of the model to errors in hydraulic conductivity estimates was assessed. Overestimating hydraulic conductivity by 2 and 10 times increased predicted cumulative evaporation by 8 and 28% respectively. Underestimating conductivity by the same factors produced similar reductions in predicted cumulative evaporation. The model was used to test the effect of basing the simulation of field evaporation on different thicknesses of surface compartment, for two alternative evaporation functions. Optimum thicknesses of surface compartment were 20 and 30 cm, and increasing these thicknesses to 60 cm resulted in only c. 20% increase in RMSD. This effect was considerably less than the increase caused by using inferior alternate types of evaporation function.

Plant-soil interactions can enhance earth barrier systems in urban spaces 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Boldrin ◽  
Anthony Glyn Bengough ◽  
Jonathan Knappett ◽  
Kenneth Loades ◽  
Anthony Kwan Leung
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Matric Suction ◽  
Recycled Concrete ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Fallow Soil ◽  
Water Holding

<p>Climate change is expected to introduce increasing threats to human health and the urban built environment, due to extreme events such as heavy precipitation. In the urban environment, impermeable hard-engineered surfaces may exacerbate climate change effects and increase the risk of floods. Adaptation solutions are essential to limit the climate change impacts on the urban environment. Research is needed to design new environmentally friendly multi-layer earthen barrier systems that can mimic the natural hydrological processes (e.g., plant-soil interaction) removed by urbanization.</p><p>In this study, potential barrier materials were selected from both natural soils and recycled waste materials (e.g., recycled concrete aggregates). Contrasting herbaceous species (legumes, grasses and forbs) were selected and grown for five months in compacted soil columns and saturated hydraulic conductivity (<em>K</em><sub>sat</sub>) was tested for each soil column. Following <em>K</em><sub>sat</sub> tests, all soil columns were saturated and left for evapo-transpiration. Plant water uptake, matric suction and soil strength (penetration resistance) were measured.</p><p>Among the materials tested in this study, recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) was the most suitable material for the barrier drainage layer, having a <em>K</em><sub>sat</sub> equal to natural gravel, but with 14% lower dry density (2.3 Mg/m<sup>3</sup>) and seven-fold greater water holding capacity (0.08 g/g). However, a portion of the water stored in the RCA was strongly bound to micropores and not available for plants. Plant growth in soil columns increased <em>K</em><sub>sat</sub>. On average <em>K</em><sub>sat</sub> of four-month old vegetated soil (3.2e<sup>-5</sup> ± 2.0e<sup>-6</sup> m/s) was four times larger than that of control fallow soil (6.9e<sup>-6</sup> ± 1.4e<sup>-6</sup> m/s). However, tested species differed in their effect on <em>K</em><sub>sat</sub>, ranging from 9.9e<sup>-6</sup> ± 1.3e<sup>-6</sup> m/s of <em>Festuca ovina</em> (Grass) to 4.1e<sup>-5</sup> ± 3.7e<sup>-6</sup> of <em>Lotus pedunculatus</em> (Legume). In the fallow soil, daily evaporation led to an average water loss of 0.49 ± 0.04 g per 100 g of soil, evapo-transpiration led to a daily water loss up to 2.58 ± 0.10 g per 100 g of soil in<em> Lotus corniculatus</em> columns. Thus, soil drying and induced matric suction strengthened the vegetated soil and further increased its ability to store water. For instance, soil vegetated with <em>L. corniculatus</em> had seven times faster water absorption and twenty-five times greater strength compared with control fallow soil. Plants affected the hydraulic conductivity and water relation of the barrier system. Root systems can increase soil hydraulic conductivity through root-induced channels. This may enable faster drainage during floods, but we found large differences between species. Transpiration restored the water holding capacity of barrier systems after heavy rain events and induced strengthening of soil.</p><p>We suggest that vegetation should not be simply selected for aesthetically “greening” the barrier system, but specifically selected for its role in improving soil engineering function. There is a substantial scope to choose species to manipulate hydrological properties of the barrier system and improve its performance during extreme climate events.</p>

Enhanced Mualem-Van Genuchten Approach for Estimating Relative Soil Hydraulic Conductivity

2015 ◽  
Vol 725-726 ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly Terleev ◽  
Vladimir Badenko ◽  
Inna Guseva ◽  
Wilfried Mirschel
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Moisture Capacity ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Relative Hydraulic Conductivity

New theoretical justification for the function of soil differential moisture capacity (dependence of the relative water volume content on the capillary pressure) and its antiderivative is presented. New method is based on the concept of capillarity and the lognormal distribution of the effective radii of pores. Relative hydraulic conductivity of soil is calculated with usage of these functions and Mualem's approach. Hydrophysical parameters have been interpreted and evaluated on the base of some physical and statistical soil characteristics. Also the approximation for functions of water-retention capacity and relative hydraulic conductivity of soil has been proposed.

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