Coinfection of soybean plants with Phytophthora sojae and soybean cyst nematode does not alter the efficacy of resistance genes

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1437-1444
Author(s):  
Carolane Audette ◽  
Richard R. Bélanger ◽  
Benjamin Mimee
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Soybean Plants

scholarly journals The genome of the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) reveals complex patterns of duplications involved in the evolution of parasitism genes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Masonbrink ◽  
Tom R. Maier ◽  
Usha Muppiral ◽  
Arun S. Seetharam ◽  
Etienne Lord ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Glycines ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Long Read ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Parasitism Genes ◽  
Nematode Genomes

AbstractHeterodera glycines, commonly referred to as the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), is an obligatory and sedentary plant parasite that causes over a billion-dollar yield loss to soybean production annually. Although there are genetic determinants that render soybean plants resistant to certain nematode genotypes, resistant soybean cultivars are increasingly ineffective because their multi-year usage has selected for virulentH. glycinespopulations. The parasitic success ofH. glycinesrelies on the comprehensive re-engineering of an infection site into a syncytium, as well as the long-term suppression of host defense to ensure syncytial viability. At the forefront of these complex molecular interactions are effectors, the proteins secreted byH. glycinesinto host root tissues. The mechanisms of effector acquisition, diversification, and selection need to be understood before effective control strategies can be developed, but the lack of an annotated genome has been a major roadblock. Here, we use PacBio long-read technology to assemble aH. glycinesgenome of 738 contigs into 123Mb with annotations for 29,769 genes. The genome contains significant numbers of repeats (34%), tandem duplicates (18.7Mb), and horizontal gene transfer events (151 genes). Using previously published effector sequences, the newly generatedH. glycinesgenome, and comparisons to other nematode genomes, we investigate the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for the emergence and diversification of effector genes.

scholarly journals Accessions of Perennial Glycine Species With Resistance to Multiple Types of Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines)

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (7) ◽  
pp. 1201-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Wen ◽  
C. Yuan ◽  
T. K. Herman ◽  
G. L. Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Glycines ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Disease Genes ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Plant Introductions ◽  
Glycine Species ◽  
Cost Effective Method

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines; HG) is a widely occurring and damaging pathogen that limits soybean production. Developing resistant cultivars is the most cost-effective method for managing this disease. Genes conferring SCN resistance in soybean have been identified; however, there are SCN populations that overcome known resistance genes. In order to identify additional sources of resistance and potentially new resistance genes, 223 plant introductions (PIs) of G. tomentella and 59 PIs of 12 other perennial Glycine species were inoculated with HG Types 0, HG 2, and HG 1.2.3, and then 36 PIs out of this set were further evaluated with HG Type 1.2.3.4.5.6.7, a population that overcomes all the resistance genes in soybean. Of 223 G. tomentella PIs evaluated, 86 were classified as resistant to three HG types, 69 as resistant to two HG types, and 22 as resistant to one HG type. Of the other 12 perennial Glycine species, all PIs of G. argyrea and G. pescadrensis were resistant to all three HG types. Of the 36 PIs challenged with HG Type 1.2.3.4.5.6.7, 35 were resistant with 16 showing no cyst reproduction. Our study confirms that there are high levels of resistance to SCN among the perennial Glycine species. This represents an untapped resource for use in genetic studies and for improving resistance to SCN in soybean.

scholarly journals Marker-assisted selection strategies for developing resistant soybean plants to cyst nematode

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 180-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Abreu Santana ◽  
Martha Freire da Silva ◽  
Julierme Kellen Freitas Guimarães ◽  
Marcia Flores da Silva Ferreira ◽  
Waldir Dias Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Resistant Lines ◽  
Resistance Trait ◽  
Scn Resistance ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
Selection Of

Resistant lines can be identified by marker-assisted selection(MAS), based on alleles of genetic markers linked to the resistance trait. This reduces the number of phenotypically evaluated lines, one of the limitations in the development of cultivars with resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN).This study evaluated the efficiency of microsatellites near quantitative traitloci (QTL) for SCN resistance, in the linkage groups (LG) G and A2 of soybean, for the selection of resistant genotypes in populations originated from crosses between the cultivars Vmax and CD201. The QTL of LG A2 was not detected in 'Vmax' (derived from PI 88788). In MAS, the microsatellites of LG G were efficient in selecting F6:7 families with resistance and moderate resistance to SCN race 3. The selection efficiency of the microsatellites Sat_168, Satt309 and Sat_141 was greater than 93%.

Soybean cyst nematode: Challenges and opportunities

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn M. J Winter ◽  
Istvan Rajcan ◽  
Barry J Shelp
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Glycine Soja ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Linkage Groups ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Scn Resistance ◽  
Major Resistance Genes ◽  
Time Required

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the primary pest responsible for yield losses of Glycine max. Management of SCN remains difficult in commercial soybean production due to the length of its biological cycle, frequent changes in population virulence, and ease of spread via infested soil. Effective management relies on crop rotation in combination with resistant cultivars, which have been derived from a limited germplasm base. Breeding for SCN resistance in soybean is difficult due to the quantitative nature of the trait, genetic variation within SCN populations, time required for phenotyping experimental soybean lines, and environmental factors affecting SCN reproduction. Quantitative trait loci associated with SCN resistance have been identified on 17 of the 20 soybean linkage groups, explaining 1–91% of the total phenotypic variation. Two major resistance genes, rhg 1 and Rhg 4, have been identified on linkage groups G and A2, respectively. Several minor resistance genes have been identified, but their importance varies with germplasm source and nematode race. Enhancement of SCN resistance in G. max may be achieved by interspecific hybridization with G. soja, the wild ancestor, or by engineering plants with candidate resistance genes such as Hs1pro-1. Key words: Genetic engineering, Glycine soja, soybean cyst nematode, molecular markers, resistance

Yield components of soybean plants infected with soybean cyst nematode and sprayed with foliar applications of boron and magnesium1

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 827-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Smith ◽  
William Wiebold ◽  
T.L. Niblack ◽  
Peter Scharf ◽  
Dale Blevins
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Soybean Plants

scholarly journals A chromosomal assembly of the soybean cyst nematode genome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Masonbrink ◽  
Tom Maier ◽  
Matthew Hudson ◽  
Andrew Severin ◽  
Thomas Baum
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Long Read ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Root Tissues

The soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) is a sedentary plant parasite that exceeds a billion dollars in yield losses annually. It has spread across the soybean-producing world, emerging as the primary pathogen of soybeans. This problem is exacerbated by H. glycines populations overcoming the limited sources of natural resistance in soybean and by the lack of effective and safe alternative treatments. Although there are genetic determinants that render soybean plants resistant to certain nematode genotypes, resistant soybean cultivars are increasingly ineffective because their multi-year usage has selected for virulent H. glycines populations. Successful H. glycines infection relies on the comprehensive re-engineering of soybean root cells into a syncytium, as well as the long-term suppression of host defenses to ensure syncytial viability. At the forefront of these complex molecular interactions are effectors, the proteins secreted by H. glycines into host root tissues. The mechanisms that control genomic effector acquisition, diversification, and selection are important insights needed for the development of essential novel control strategies. As a foundation to obtain this understanding, we developed a nine scaffold, 158Mb pseudomolecule assembly of the H. glycines genome using PacBio, Chicago, and Hi-C sequencing. An annotation of 22,465 genes was predicted using a Mikado pipeline informed by published short- and long-read expression data. Here we present results from our assembly and annotation of the H. glycines genome.

scholarly journals First Report of the Soybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera glycines, on Soybean in Zhejiang, Eastern China

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zheng ◽  
Y. Zhang ◽  
X. Li ◽  
L. Zhao ◽  
S. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Glycines ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Northeastern China ◽  
First Report ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Two Populations

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, is a destructive pest of soybean. Damage to soybean by SCN was first reported from northeastern China in 1899 (1). SCN has been documented in Anhui, Beijing, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Neimenggu, Shaanxi, Shandong, and Shanxi provinces in mainland China (1). These provinces are situated in the Heilongjiang and Songhuajing valleys in northeastern China and the eastern region of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers in northern China and have cold to temperate climates. In June of 2008, cyst-forming nematodes were detected in two soybean-growing areas of Hangzhou and Xiaoshan in Zhejiang Province, in subtropical eastern China. The soybean plants at the Hangzhou site showed symptoms of stunting and chlorosis, whereas no aboveground or root symptoms were observed on soybean plants at the Xiaoshan site, except for the presence of SCN females on the roots. The two populations had the same morphological and molecular characters. The cysts were lemon shaped with posterior protuberance, ambifenestrate, underbridge and bullae strongly developed, and lateral field of second-stage juveniles consisted of four incisures. The key morphometrics of cysts were fenestra length (41 to 52 μm) and width (33 to 48 μm), vulval silt (47 to 55 μm), and underbridge length (79 to 94 μm), all of which were coincident with that of SCN (2). Amplification of rDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region using primers TW81 (5′-GTT TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GC-3′) and AB28 (5′-ATA TGC TTA AGT TCA GCG GGT-3′) yielded a PCR fragment of approximately 1,030 bp. The digestion patterns of the PCR fragments of the ITS region with AluI, AvaI, CfoI, MvaI, and RsaI showed identical restriction profiles to H. glycines (3), and the sequences exhibited 100% similarity with those of H. glycines isolates, Accession No. AY667456 from GenBank. Morphological and molecular identification confirmed that the two populations of cyst-forming nematodes from Zhejiang are SCN. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SCN in Zhejiang, now the most southern location in mainland China with confirmed infestation of SCN. References: (1) Z. X. Liu et al. Int. J. Nematol. 7:18, 1997. (2) R. H. Mulvey. Can. J. Zool. 50:1277, 1972. (3) J. Zheng et al. Russ. J. Nematol. 8:109, 2000.

Cosegregation of Avr4 and Avr6 in Phytophthora sojae

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 800-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Gijzen ◽  
Helga Förster ◽  
Michael D. Coffey ◽  
Brett Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Genetic Mapping ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Gene Interaction ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Phytophthora Megasperma ◽  
Incomplete Dominance ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Race 2 ◽  
Gene For Gene

The F2 progeny resulting from a cross of Phytophthora sojae race 2 (avirulent on Rps4 and Rps6) and race 7 (virulent on Rps4 and Rps6) were tested for their ability to cause disease on soybean plants carrying the Rps4 or the Rps6 resistance genes. Of 55 F2 progeny analyzed, 41 individuals were avirulent on both of these genes and 14 were virulent on Rps4 and Rps6, indicating that avirulence on Rps4 and Rps6 is dominant and linked. These results support the suggestion that the soybean–Phytophthora relationship is a gene for gene interaction and that the presumptive Avr4 and Avr6 genes are either tightly linked or identical. Keywords: avirulence, genetic mapping, Glycine max, incomplete dominance, Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea.

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