scholarly journals Measurement of infection efficiency of a major wheat pathogen using time-resolved imaging of disease progress

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Karisto ◽  
S. Dora ◽  
A. Mikaberidze
Keyword(s):  
Time Resolved ◽  
Infection Efficiency ◽  
Disease Progress ◽  
Time Resolved Imaging

scholarly journals Measurement of infection efficiency of a major wheat pathogen using time-resolved imaging of disease progress

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Karisto ◽  
S. Dora ◽  
A. Mikaberidze
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Septoria Tritici Blotch ◽  
Septoria Tritici ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Infection Efficiency ◽  
Disease Progress ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Time Resolved Imaging

AbstractInfection efficiency is a key epidemiological parameter that determines the proportion of pathogen spores able to infect and cause lesions once they have landed on a susceptible plant tissue. In this study, we present an improved method to measure infection efficiency of Zymoseptoria tritici using a replicated greenhouse experiment. Z. tritici is a fungal pathogen that infects wheat leaves and causes Septoria tritici blotch (STB), a major disease of wheat worldwide.We devised an original experimental setup, where we (i) attached living wheat leaves to metal plates allowing for time-resolved imaging of disease progress in planta. Since lesions were continuously appearing, expanding and merging during the period of up to three weeks, daily measurements were necessary for accurate counting of lesions. We also (ii) used reference membranes to characterize the density and the spatial distribution of inoculated spores on leaf surfaces. In this way, we captured the relationship between the number of lesions and the number of viable spores deposited on the leaves and estimated the infection efficiency of about 4 % from the slope of this relationship.Our study provides a proof of principle for an accurate and reliable measurement of infection efficiency of Z. tritici. The method opens opportunities for determining the genetic basis of the component of quantitative resistance that suppresses infection efficiency. This knowledge would improve breeding for quantitative resistance against STB, a control measure considered more durable than deployment of major resistance genes.

scholarly journals Giant enhancement of THz-frequency optical nonlinearity by phonon polariton in ionic crystals

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Lu ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Qiang Wu ◽  
Zhigang Chen ◽  
Xueming Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Optical Nonlinearity ◽  
Ionic Crystals ◽  
Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Light Coupling ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Ionic Contribution ◽  
Time Resolved Imaging

AbstractThe field of nonlinear optics has grown substantially in past decades, leading to tremendous progress in fundamental research and revolutionized applications. Traditionally, the optical nonlinearity for a light wave at frequencies beyond near-infrared is observed with very high peak intensity, as in most materials only the electronic nonlinearity dominates while ionic contribution is negligible. However, it was shown that the ionic contribution to nonlinearity can be much larger than the electronic one in microwave experiments. In the terahertz (THz) regime, phonon polariton may assist to substantially trigger the ionic nonlinearity of the crystals, so as to enhance even more the nonlinear optical susceptibility. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a giant second-order optical nonlinearity at THz frequency, orders of magnitude higher than that in the visible and microwave regimes. Different from previous work, the phonon-light coupling is achieved under a phase-matching setting, and the dynamic process of nonlinear THz generation is directly observed in a thin-film waveguide using a time-resolved imaging technique. Furthermore, a nonlinear modification to the Huang equations is proposed to explain the observed nonlinearity enhancement. This work brings about an effective approach to achieve high nonlinearity in ionic crystals, promising for applications in THz nonlinear technologies.

scholarly journals Time-resolved imaging refractometry of microbicidal films using quantitative phase microscopy

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 120510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Rinehart ◽  
Tyler K. Drake ◽  
Francisco E. Robles ◽  
Lisa C. Rohan ◽  
David Katz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Resolved ◽  
Quantitative Phase ◽  
Phase Microscopy ◽  
Quantitative Phase Microscopy ◽  
Time Resolved Imaging

scholarly journals Time-Resolved Imaging of Electrochemical Switching in Nanoscale Resistive Memory Elements

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (S3) ◽  
pp. 1911-1912
Author(s):  
William A. Hubbard ◽  
E. R. White ◽  
Alexander Kerelsky ◽  
G. Jasmin ◽  
Jared J. Lodico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistive Memory ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Time Resolved Imaging

scholarly journals Two-Photon Time-Gated In Vivo Imaging of Dihydrolipoic-Acid-Decorated Gold Nanoclusters

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 7744
Author(s):  
Ye Tian ◽  
Ming Wei ◽  
Lijun Wang ◽  
Yuankai Hong ◽  
Dan Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vivo Imaging ◽  
Gold Nanoclusters ◽  
Photon Absorption ◽  
Gold Nanocluster ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Dihydrolipoic Acid ◽  
Two Photon Absorption ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Time Resolved Imaging

Due to the unique advantages of two-photon technology and time-resolved imaging technology in the biomedical field, attention has been paid to them. Gold clusters possess excellent physicochemical properties and low biotoxicity, which make them greatly advantageous in biological imaging, especially for in vivo animal imaging. A gold nanocluster was coupled with dihydrolipoic acid to obtain a functionalized nanoprobe; the material displayed significant features, including a large two-photon absorption cross-section (up to 1.59 × 105 GM) and prolonged fluorescence lifetime (>300 ns). The two-photon and time-resolution techniques were used to perform cell imaging and in vivo imaging.

scholarly journals The C-terminal helix 9 motif in rat cannabinoid receptor type 1 regulates axonal trafficking and surface expression

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Fletcher-Jones ◽  
Keri L Hildick ◽  
Ashley J Evans ◽  
Yasuko Nakamura ◽  
Kevin A Wilkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Surface Polarity ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Surface Stability ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Time Resolved Imaging ◽  
Dual Mechanism

Cannabinoid type one receptor (CB1R) is only stably surface expressed in axons, where it downregulates neurotransmitter release. How this tightly regulated axonal surface polarity is established and maintained is unclear. To address this question, we used time-resolved imaging to determine the trafficking of CB1R from biosynthesis to mature polarised localisation in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We show that the secretory pathway delivery of CB1R is axonally biased and that surface expressed CB1R is more stable in axons than in dendrites. This dual mechanism is mediated by the CB1R C-terminus and involves the Helix 9 (H9) domain. Removal of the H9 domain increases secretory pathway delivery to dendrites and decreases surface stability. Furthermore, CB1RΔH9 is more sensitive to agonist-induced internalisation and less efficient at downstream signalling than CB1RWT. Together, these results shed new light on how polarity of CB1R is mediated and indicate that the C-terminal H9 domain plays key roles in this process.

Time-Resolved Imaging Study of Jetting Dynamics during Laser Printing of Viscoelastic Alginate Solutions

Langmuir ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (23) ◽  
pp. 6447-6456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengyi Zhang ◽  
Ruitong Xiong ◽  
Renwei Mei ◽  
Yong Huang ◽  
Douglas B. Chrisey
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Study ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Laser Printing ◽  
Time Resolved Imaging
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