A “Good” Country without Democracy: Can China's Outward FDI buy a Positive State Image Overseas?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ware Fong ◽  
Nazmus Sakib
Keyword(s):  
Outward Fdi ◽  
Positive State

Revisit the CD Paradox in Entry Model Choice: Toward the Perspective of Strategic Fit

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 86-103
Keyword(s):  
Joint Venture ◽  
Cultural Distance ◽  
Model Choice ◽  
Outward Fdi ◽  
Strategic Fit ◽  
Market Expansion ◽  
Technological Competence ◽  
Entry Model ◽  
Wholly Owned Subsidiary ◽  
Strategic Motives

The effect of cultural distance (CD) on the entry mode choice (EMC) has been intensively studied but the empirical results are mixed. This study adopts the strategic fit perspective to examine how firms’ strategic motives and technological ownerships may influence the EMC in face of different cultural distances. Analyzing Taiwanese outward FDI cases from 2004 to 2007, this study found that firms entering the culture-distant countries would choose the wholly-owned subsidiary (WOS) mode when emphasizing more about the protection of technological competence than market expansion, or else would choose the joint-venture (JV) mode when the market expansion is prioritized.

China's International Investment Strategy

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Investment Strategy ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Bilateral Investment Treaties ◽  
Open Door Policy ◽  
Outward Fdi ◽  
Investment Law ◽  
Investment Treaties

The phenomenal story of China’s ‘unprecedented disposition to engage the international legal order’ has been primarily told and examined by political scientists and economists. Since China adopted its ‘open door’ policy in 1978, which altered its development strategy from self-sufficiency to active participation in the world market and aimed at attracting foreign investment to fuel its economic development, the underlying policy for mobilizing inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) remains unchanged to date. With the 1997 launch of the ‘Going Global’ policy, an outward focus regarding foreign investment has been added, to circumvent trade barriers and improve the competitiveness of Chinese firms, typically its state-owned enterprises (SOEs). In order to accommodate inward and outward FDI, China’s participation in the international investment regime has underpinned its efforts to join multi-lateral investment-related legal instruments and conclude international investment agreements (IIAs). China began by selectively concluding bilateral investment treaties (BITs) with developed countries (major capital exporting states to China at that time), signing its first BIT with Sweden in 1982. Despite being a latecomer, over time China’s experience and practice with the international investment regime have allowed it to evolve towards liberalizing its IIAs regime and balancing the duties and benefits associated with IIAs. The book spans a broad spectrum of China’s contemporary international investment law and policy: domestic foreign investment law and reforms, tax policy, bilateral investment treaties, free trade agreements, G20 initiatives, the ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative, international dispute resolution, and inter-regime coordination.

scholarly journals Watching others in a positive state does not induce optimism bias in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), but leads to behaviour indicative of competition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. C. Adriaense ◽  
V. Šlipogor ◽  
S. Hintze ◽  
L. Marshall ◽  
C. Lamm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Contagion ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Optimism Bias ◽  
Negative State ◽  
Group Life ◽  
Judgement Bias ◽  
Negative Condition ◽  
Positive State

AbstractEmotional contagion is suggested to facilitate group life by enhancing synchronized responses to the environment. Cooperative breeders are an example of a social system that requires such intricate coordination between individuals. Therefore, we studied emotional contagion in common marmosets by means of a judgement bias test. Demonstrators were exposed to an emotion manipulation (i.e., positive, negative, control), and observers perceived only the demonstrator’s behaviour. We predicted that the positive or negative states of the demonstrator would induce matching states in the observer, indicating emotional contagion. All subjects’ emotional states were assessed through behaviour and cognition, the latter by means of a judgement bias test. Behavioural results showed a successful emotion manipulation of demonstrators, with manipulation-congruent expressions (i.e., positive calls in the positive condition, and negative calls and pilo-erect tail in the negative condition). Observers showed no manipulation-congruent expressions, but showed more scratching and arousal after the positive manipulation. Concerning the judgement bias test, we predicted that subjects in a positive state should increase their response to ambiguous cues (i.e., optimism bias), and subjects in a negative state should decrease their response (i.e., pessimism bias). This prediction was not supported as neither demonstrators nor observers showed such bias in either manipulation. Yet, demonstrators showed an increased response to the near-positive cue, and additional analyses showed unexpected responses to the reference cues, as well as a researcher identity effect. We discuss all results combined, including recently raised validation concerns of the judgement bias test, and inherent challenges to empirically studying emotional contagion.

Human Capital and International Capital Flows: Evidence from China

2021 ◽  
pp. 016001762198942
Author(s):  
Zhenshan Yang ◽  
Yinghao Pan ◽  
Dongqi Sun ◽  
Li Ma
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Capital Flows ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Global Market ◽  
International Capital Flows ◽  
International Capital ◽  
Outward Fdi ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
External Resources

The pattern of international capital flows has changed dramatically in the process of globalization. In this study, we argue that human capital (HC) facilitates a region’s reversal from being a net recipient of external resources to being an active contributor in the global market. Using a panel vector autoregressive regression method, we examine the relationships among regional HC, foreign direct investment (FDI), and outward FDI during 2004–2015 in China. Our results show that HC plays a key role in both attracting FDI and generating outward FDI. The findings contribute to research on the dynamic capacity building of regions participating in the global economy, especially strengthening HC for local economies participating in the global economy as either investment recipients or contributors.

Foreign Direct Investment, Intellectual Property Rights, and Productivity Growth

2014 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 1440009
Author(s):  
Sasatra Sudsawasd ◽  
Santi Chaisrisawatsuk
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Outward Fdi ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ipr Protection

Using panel data for 57 countries over the period of 1995–2012, this paper investigates the impact of intellectual property rights (IPR) processes on productivity growth. The IPR processes are decomposed into three stages — innovation process, commercialization process, and protection process. The paper finds that better IPR protection is directly associated with productivity improvements only in developed economies. In addition, the contribution of IPR processes on growth through foreign direct investment (FDI) appears to be quite limited. Only inward FDI in developed countries which creates better innovative capability leads to higher growth. In connection with outward FDI, only the increase in IPR protection and commercialization are proven to improve productivity in the case of developing countries, particularly when the country acts as the investing country.

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