scholarly journals Environmental stressors affect sex ratios in sexually dimorphic plant sexual systems

Plant Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 890-898
Author(s):  
S. Varga ◽  
C. D. Soulsbury
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Sexual Systems

Prenatal sex ratios and expression of sexually dimorphic traits in three snake species

2006 ◽  
Vol 305A (8) ◽  
pp. 603-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick James Weatherhead ◽  
Kelley Joan Kissner ◽  
Sophie Jane Sommerer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Snake Species

Are Skewed Fledgling Sex Ratios in Sexually Dimorphic Birds Adaptive?

1991 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
pp. 1159-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Weatherhead ◽  
Kevin L. Teather
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic

scholarly journals Identification of sex-linked markers in the sexually cryptic coco de mer: are males and females produced in equal proportions?

AoB Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma J Morgan ◽  
Christopher N Kaiser-Bunbury ◽  
Peter J Edwards ◽  
Mathias Scharmann ◽  
Alex Widmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Determination System ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Heterogametic Sex ◽  
Sex Determination System ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Genetically Determined

Abstract Lodoicea maldivica (coco de mer) is a long-lived dioecious palm in which male and female plants are visually indistinguishable when immature, only becoming sexually dimorphic as adults, which in natural forest can take as much as 50 years. Most adult populations in the Seychelles exhibit biased sex ratios, but it is unknown whether this is due to different proportions of male and female plants being produced or to differential mortality. In this study, we developed sex-linked markers in Lodoicea using ddRAD sequencing, enabling us to reliably determine the gender of immature individuals. We screened 589 immature individuals to explore sex ratios across life stages in Lodoicea. The two sex-specific markers resulted in the amplification of male-specific bands (Lm123977 at 405 bp and Lm435135 at 130 bp). Our study of four sub-populations of Lodoicea on the islands of Praslin and Curieuse revealed that the two sexes were produced in approximately equal numbers, with no significant deviation from a 1:1 ratio before the adult stage. We conclude that sex in Lodoicea is genetically determined, suggesting that Lodoicea has a chromosomal sex determination system in which males are the heterogametic sex (XY) and females are homogametic (XX). We discuss the potential causes for observed biased sex ratios in adult populations, and the implications of our results for the life history, ecology and conservation management of Lodoicea.

Sexual differences and sex ratios of dioecious plants under stressful environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Liu ◽  
Helena Korpelainen ◽  
Chunyang Li
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Sexual Differences ◽  
Sex Characteristics ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Dioecious Plants ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract Dioecious plants exhibit sexual dimorphism in both sexual features (reproductive organs) and secondary sex characteristics (vegetative traits). Sexual differences in secondary traits, including morphological, physiological and ecological characters, have been commonly associated with trade-offs between the cost of reproduction and other plant functions. Such trade-offs may be modified by environmental stressors, although there is evidence that sexually dimorphic responses to stress do not always exist in all plant species. When sexual dimorphism exists, sexually different responses appear to depend on the species and stress types. Yet, further studies on dioecious plant species are needed to allow the generalization of stress effects on males and females. Additionally, sexual dimorphism may influence the frequency and distribution of the sexes along environmental gradients, likely causing niche differentiation and spatial segregation of sexes. At the present, the causes and mechanisms governing sex ratio biases are poorly understood. This review aims to discuss sex-specific responses and sex ratio biases occurring under adverse conditions, which will advance our knowledge of sexually dimorphic responses to environmental stressors.

Experimentally manipulated brood sex ratios: growth and survival in the black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus), a sexually dimorphic species

2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendt Müller ◽  
Ellen Kalmbach ◽  
Corine M. Eising ◽  
Ton G. G. Groothuis ◽  
Cor Dijkstra
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Larus Ridibundus ◽  
Dimorphic Species

scholarly journals Ecological genetics of sex ratios in plant populations

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1552) ◽  
pp. 2549-2557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer C. H. Barrett ◽  
Sarah B. Yakimowski ◽  
David L. Field ◽  
Melinda Pickup
Keyword(s):  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Ecological Genetics ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Dioecious Species ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Sexual Systems ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Angiosperm Species

In many angiosperm species, populations are reproductively subdivided into distinct sexual morphs including females, males and hermaphrodites. Sexual polymorphism is maintained by frequency-dependent selection, leading to predictable sex ratios at equilibrium. Charles Darwin devoted much of his book ‘ The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species ’ (1877) to investigating plant sexual polymorphisms and laid the foundation for many problems addressed today by integrating theory with empirical studies of the demography and genetics of populations. Here, we summarize our recent work on the ecological and genetic mechanisms influencing variation in sex ratios and their implications for evolutionary transitions among sexual systems. We present the results of a survey of sex ratios from 126 species from 47 angiosperm families and then address two general problems using examples from diverse angiosperm taxa: (i) the mechanisms governing biased sex ratios in dioecious species; (ii) the origins and maintenance of populations composed of females, males and hermaphrodites. Several themes are emphasized, including the importance of non-equilibrium conditions, the role of life history and demography in affecting sex ratios, the value of theory for modelling the dynamics of sex ratio variation, and the utility of genetic markers for investigating evolutionary processes in sexually polymorphic plant populations.

scholarly journals Sex ratios in sexually dimorphic umbelliferae

Heredity ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic

Androgen-induced plasticity at a “vocal” neuromuscular synapse

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
Darcy B. Kelley ◽  
Martha L. Tobias ◽  
Mark Ellisman
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Neuromuscular Synapse ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Intracellular Protein ◽  
Developmental Program ◽  
Androgen Action ◽  
Clawed Frog

Brain and muscle are sexually differentiated tissues in which masculinization is controlled by the secretion of androgens from the testes. Sensitivity to androgen is conferred by the expression of an intracellular protein, the androgen receptor. A central problem of sexual differentiation is thus to understand the cellular and molecular basis of androgen action. We do not understand how hormone occupancy of a receptor translates into an alteration in the developmental program of the target cell. Our studies on sexual differentiation of brain and muscle in Xenopus laevis are designed to explore the molecular basis of androgen induced sexual differentiation by examining how this hormone controls the masculinization of brain and muscle targets.Our approach to this problem has focused on a highly androgen sensitive, sexually dimorphic neuromuscular system: laryngeal muscles and motor neurons of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. We have been studying sex differences at a synapse, the laryngeal neuromuscular junction, which mediates sexually dimorphic vocal behavior in Xenopus laevis frogs.

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