Local differentiation of cell wall matrix polysaccharides in sinuous pavement cells: its possible involvement in the flexibility of cell shape

Plant Biology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sotiriou ◽  
E. Giannoutsou ◽  
E. Panteris ◽  
B. Galatis ◽  
P. Apostolakos
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Pavement Cells ◽  
Local Differentiation ◽  
Cell Wall Matrix

scholarly journals Subcellular and supracellular mechanical stress prescribes cytoskeleton behavior in Arabidopsis cotyledon pavement cells

eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Sampathkumar ◽  
Pawel Krupinski ◽  
Raymond Wightman ◽  
Pascale Milani ◽  
Alexandre Berquand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Pavement Cells ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Maximal Tensile Stress ◽  
Open Question

Although it is a central question in biology, how cell shape controls intracellular dynamics largely remains an open question. Here, we show that the shape of Arabidopsis pavement cells creates a stress pattern that controls microtubule orientation, which then guides cell wall reinforcement. Live-imaging, combined with modeling of cell mechanics, shows that microtubules align along the maximal tensile stress direction within the cells, and atomic force microscopy demonstrates that this leads to reinforcement of the cell wall parallel to the microtubules. This feedback loop is regulated: cell-shape derived stresses could be overridden by imposed tissue level stresses, showing how competition between subcellular and supracellular cues control microtubule behavior. Furthermore, at the microtubule level, we identified an amplification mechanism in which mechanical stress promotes the microtubule response to stress by increasing severing activity. These multiscale feedbacks likely contribute to the robustness of microtubule behavior in plant epidermis.

scholarly journals Early local differentiation of the cell wall matrix defines the contact sites in lobed mesophyll cells of Zea mays

2013 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 1067-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Giannoutsou ◽  
P. Sotiriou ◽  
P. Apostolakos ◽  
B. Galatis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Contact Sites ◽  
Local Differentiation ◽  
Cell Wall Matrix

Solving the Puzzle of Shape Regulation in Plant Epidermal Pavement Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 525-550
Author(s):  
Sijia Liu ◽  
François Jobert ◽  
Zahra Rahneshan ◽  
Siamsa M. Doyle ◽  
Stéphanie Robert
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Jigsaw Puzzle ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
Cell Morphogenesis ◽  
Pavement Cell ◽  
Pavement Cells ◽  
Organ Growth

The plant epidermis serves many essential functions, including interactions with the environment, protection, mechanical strength, and regulation of tissue and organ growth. To achieve these functions, specialized epidermal cells develop into particular shapes. These include the intriguing interdigitated jigsaw puzzle shape of cotyledon and leaf pavement cells seen in many species, the precise functions of which remain rather obscure. Although pavement cell shape regulation is complex and still a long way from being fully understood, the roles of the cell wall, mechanical stresses, cytoskeleton, cytoskeletal regulatory proteins, and phytohormones are becoming clearer. Here, we provide a review of this current knowledge of pavement cell morphogenesis, generated from a wealth of experimental evidence and assisted by computational modeling approaches. We also discuss the evolution and potential functions of pavement cell interdigitation. Throughout the review, we highlight some of the thought-provoking controversies and creative theories surrounding the formation of the curious puzzle shape of these cells.

scholarly journals Probing bacterial cell wall growth by tracing wall-anchored protein complexes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Jen Sun ◽  
Fan Bai ◽  
An-Chi Luo ◽  
Xiang-Yu Zhuang ◽  
Tsai-Shun Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Bernoulli Shift ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Cell Wall Growth ◽  
Flagellar Motors ◽  
Shift Map ◽  
Dynamic Assembly ◽  
Wall Growth

AbstractThe dynamic assembly of the cell wall is key to the maintenance of cell shape during bacterial growth. Here, we present a method for the analysis of Escherichia coli cell wall growth at high spatial and temporal resolution, which is achieved by tracing the movement of fluorescently labeled cell wall-anchored flagellar motors. Using this method, we clearly identify the active and inert zones of cell wall growth during bacterial elongation. Within the active zone, the insertion of newly synthesized peptidoglycan occurs homogeneously in the axial direction without twisting of the cell body. Based on the measured parameters, we formulate a Bernoulli shift map model to predict the partitioning of cell wall-anchored proteins following cell division.

GPC‐ELISA method for systematic mass distribution profiling of plant cell wall matrix polysaccharides

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukhita Sathitnaitham ◽  
Anongpat Suttangkakul ◽  
Passorn Wonnapinij ◽  
Simon J. McQueen‐Mason ◽  
Supachai Vuttipongchaikij
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Cell Wall Matrix

Characterization of the cell wall matrix polysaccharides and glycoside-hydrolyzing enzymes of Distylium racemosum callus

Plant Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 178 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruyoshi Konno ◽  
Hisaaki Tsumuki ◽  
Susumu Nakashima
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Wall Matrix ◽  
Hydrolyzing Enzymes

scholarly journals Comparative in situ analyses of cell wall matrix polysaccharide dynamics in developing rice and wheat grain

Planta ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 241 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Palmer ◽  
Valérie Cornuault ◽  
Susan E. Marcus ◽  
J. Paul Knox ◽  
Peter R. Shewry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Cell Wall Matrix

scholarly journals Bacterial Cell Wall Quality Control during Environmental Stress

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Mueller ◽  
Petra Anne Levin
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Bacterial Cell Wall ◽  
Peptidoglycan Synthesis ◽  
Peptidoglycan Cell Wall

ABSTRACT Single-celled organisms must adapt their physiology to persist and propagate across a wide range of environmental conditions. The growth and division of bacterial cells depend on continuous synthesis of an essential extracellular barrier: the peptidoglycan cell wall, a polysaccharide matrix that counteracts turgor pressure and confers cell shape. Unlike many other essential processes and structures within the bacterial cell, the peptidoglycan cell wall and its synthesis machinery reside at the cell surface and are thus uniquely vulnerable to the physicochemical environment and exogenous threats. In addition to the diversity of stressors endangering cell wall integrity, defects in peptidoglycan metabolism require rapid repair in order to prevent osmotic lysis, which can occur within minutes. Here, we review recent work that illuminates mechanisms that ensure robust peptidoglycan metabolism in response to persistent and acute environmental stress. Advances in our understanding of bacterial cell wall quality control promise to inform the development and use of antimicrobial agents that target the synthesis and remodeling of this essential macromolecule. IMPORTANCE Nearly all bacteria are encased in a peptidoglycan cell wall, an essential polysaccharide structure that protects the cell from osmotic rupture and reinforces cell shape. The integrity of this protective barrier must be maintained across the diversity of environmental conditions wherein bacteria replicate. However, at the cell surface, the cell wall and its synthesis machinery face unique challenges that threaten their integrity. Directly exposed to the extracellular environment, the peptidoglycan synthesis machinery encounters dynamic and extreme physicochemical conditions, which may impair enzymatic activity and critical protein-protein interactions. Biotic and abiotic stressors—including host defenses, cell wall active antibiotics, and predatory bacteria and phage—also jeopardize peptidoglycan integrity by introducing lesions, which must be rapidly repaired to prevent cell lysis. Here, we review recently discovered mechanisms that promote robust peptidoglycan synthesis during environmental and acute stress and highlight the opportunities and challenges for the development of cell wall active therapeutics.

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