A stochastic independence approach for measuring regional specialization and concentration

2017 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 1151-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Haedo ◽  
Michel Mouchart
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Independence ◽  
Regional Specialization

Comparing the Four Main Cases

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Thompson ◽  
Leila Zakhirova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Regional Specialization ◽  
Domestic Markets ◽  
Technological Leadership ◽  
System Leaders ◽  
Industrial Economic

No two system leaders were identical in their claims to being the most innovative states in their respective zones, eras, and periods of leadership. Nonetheless, three general categories emerge: maritime commercial leadership, a pushing of agrarian boundaries, and sustained industrial economic growth. Those that made breakthroughs in the latter category, of course, redefined the modern world. Frontiers were critically important in all four cases of system leadership (China, the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States), but not exactly in the same way. Major improvements in transportation/communication facilitated economic growth by making interactions more feasible and less expensive, although the importance of trade varied considerably. Expanding populations were a hallmark of all four cases, even if the scale of increase varied. Population growth and urbanization forced agriculture to become more efficient and provided labor for nonagricultural pursuits. Urban demands stimulated regional specialization, technological innovation, and energy intensification, expanding the size of domestic markets and contributing to scalar increases in production. Just how large those scalar increases were depended on the interactions among technological innovation, power-driven machinery, and energy transition. Yet no single change led automatically to technological leadership. While lead status was never gained by default, it helped to have few rivals. As more serious rivals emerged, technological leaderships became harder to maintain.

THE FIVE INDEPENDENCES AS NATURAL PRODUCTS

2003 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 337-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
NAOFUMI MURAKI
Keyword(s):  
Probability Theory ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Tensor Product ◽  
Natural Product ◽  
Free Product ◽  
Noncommutative Probability ◽  
Stochastic Independence ◽  
Boolean Product ◽  
Probability Spaces ◽  
Noncommutative Probability Theory

Let [Formula: see text] be the class of all algebraic probability spaces. A "natural product" is, by definition, a map [Formula: see text] which is required to satisfy all the canonical axioms of Ben Ghorbal and Schürmann for "universal product" except for the commutativity axiom. We show that there exist only five natural products, namely tensor product, free product, Boolean product, monotone product and anti-monotone product. This means that, in a sense, there exist only five universal notions of stochastic independence in noncommutative probability theory.

The anterior and posterior ‘stomach’ regions of larval Aedes aegypti midgut: regional specialization of ion transport and stimulation by 5-hydroxytryptamine

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.M. Clark ◽  
A. Koch ◽  
D.F. Moffett
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Ion Transport ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Transport Mechanisms ◽  
Regional Specialization ◽  
Negative Deflection ◽  
Electrical Polarity

The ‘stomach’ region of the larval mosquito midgut is divided into histologically distinct anterior and posterior regions. Anterior stomach perfused symmetrically with saline in vitro had an initial transepithelial potential (TEP) of −66 mV (lumen negative) that decayed within 10–15 min to a steady-state TEP near −10 mV that was maintained for at least 1 h. Lumen-positive TEPs were never observed in the anterior stomach. The initial TEP of the perfused posterior stomach was opposite in polarity, but similar in magnitude, to that of the anterior stomach, measuring +75 mV (lumen positive). This initial TEP of the posterior stomach decayed rapidly at first, then more slowly, eventually reversing the electrical polarity of the epithelium as lumen-negative TEPs were recorded in all preparations within 70 min. Nanomolar concentrations of the biogenic amine 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) stimulated both regions, causing a negative deflection of the TEP of the anterior stomach and a positive deflection of the TEP of the posterior stomach. Phorbol 12,13-diacetate also caused a negative deflection of the TEP of the anterior stomach, but had no effect on the TEP of the posterior stomach. These data demonstrate that 5-HT stimulates region-specific ion-transport mechanisms in the stomach of Aedes aegypti and suggest that 5-HT coordinates the actions of the Malpighian tubules and midgut in the maintenance of an appropriate hemolymph composition in vivo.

A study on approaches to the interpretation of concepts of industrial complex and integrated structure of industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 905-923
Author(s):  
Oksana S. DROBKOVA
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Regional Specialization ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Complex Development ◽  
Environmental Component ◽  
Unique Interpretation ◽  
The Stability

Subject. The article investigates the essence and salient features within the study of the industrial complex and integrated industrial structure categories. Objectives. The purpose is to research and develop definitions, study approaches to the industrial complex category, and underpin my unique interpretation. Methods. The study applies methods of analysis and synthesis, the systematization, formalization, and comparative analysis approach. Theoretical and methodological provisions contained in the works on industry development by domestic and foreign scientists, and legal documents, serve as the basis of the study. Results. I offer my interpretation of an industrial complex, as a challenging structure, represented by industrial enterprises and characterized by the stability of production cooperation chains, close interrelation of industry and regional specialization, providing for the digital transformation of industry, and subject to the environmental component. The paper identifies key properties of industrial complex, offers a classification by industry specifics, localization, diversification, and the level of State participation. Conclusions. The findings may be used as an element of theoretical basis to support management decisions on industrial complex development.

Stochastic Independence

1997 ◽  
pp. 121-146
Author(s):  
Bert Fristedt ◽  
Lawrence Gray
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Independence

scholarly journals Growing climatic sensitivity of U.S. agriculture linked to technological change and regional specialization

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. eaat4343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Ortiz-Bobea ◽  
Erwin Knippenberg ◽  
Robert G. Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Specialty Crops ◽  
Regional Specialization ◽  
Vulnerability To Climate Change ◽  
Climatic Sensitivity

A pressing question for climate change adaptation is whether ongoing transformations of the agricultural sector affect its ability to cope with climatic variations. We examine this question in the United States, where major increases in productivity have fueled most of agricultural production growth over the past half-century. To quantify the evolving climate sensitivity of the sector and identify its sources, we combine state-level measures of agricultural productivity with detailed climate data for 1960–2004. We find that agriculture is growing more sensitive to climate in Midwestern states for two distinct but compounding reasons: a rising climatic sensitivity of nonirrigated cereal and oilseed crops and a growing specialization in crop production. In contrast, other regions specialize in less climate-sensitive production such as irrigated specialty crops or livestock. Results suggest that reducing vulnerability to climate change should consider the role of policies in inducing regional specialization.

scholarly journals Location Matters: Navigating Regional Heterogeneity of the Neurovascular Unit

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis-Philippe Bernier ◽  
Clément Brunner ◽  
Azzurra Cottarelli ◽  
Matilde Balbi
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Neurovascular Unit ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Regional Heterogeneity ◽  
Regional Specialization ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
The Brain

The neurovascular unit (NVU) of the brain is composed of multiple cell types that act synergistically to modify blood flow to locally match the energy demand of neural activity, as well as to maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). It is becoming increasingly recognized that the functional specialization, as well as the cellular composition of the NVU varies spatially. This heterogeneity is encountered as variations in vascular and perivascular cells along the arteriole-capillary-venule axis, as well as through differences in NVU composition throughout anatomical regions of the brain. Given the wide variations in metabolic demands between brain regions, especially those of gray vs. white matter, the spatial heterogeneity of the NVU is critical to brain function. Here we review recent evidence demonstrating regional specialization of the NVU between brain regions, by focusing on the heterogeneity of its individual cellular components and briefly discussing novel approaches to investigate NVU diversity.

scholarly journals An atlas of cell types in the mammalian epididymis and vas deferens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera D. Rinaldi ◽  
Elisa Donnard ◽  
Kyle J. Gellatly ◽  
Morten Rasmussen ◽  
Alper Kucukural ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Regional Specialization ◽  
Clear Cells ◽  
Principal Cells ◽  
Mammalian Sperm ◽  
Genomic Clusters

ABSTRACTFollowing spermatogenesis in the testis, mammalian sperm continue to mature over the course of approximately 10 days as they transit a long epithelial tube known as the epididymis. The epididymis is comprised of multiple segments/compartments that, in addition to concentrating sperm and preventing their premature activation, play key roles in remodeling the protein, lipid, and RNA composition of maturing sperm. In order to understand the complex roles for the epididymis in reproductive biology, we generated a single cell atlas of gene expression from the murine epididymis and vas deferens. We recovered all the key cell types of the epididymal epithelium, including principal cells, clear cells, and basal cells, along with associated support cells that include fibroblasts, smooth muscle, macrophages and other immune cells. Moreover, our data illuminate extensive regional specialization of principal cell populations across the length of the epididymis, with a substantial fraction of segment-specific genes localized in genomic clusters of functionally-related genes. In addition to the extensive region-specific specialization of principal cells, we find evidence for functionally-specialized subpopulations of stromal cells, and, most notably, two distinct populations of clear cells. Analysis of ligand/receptor expression reveals a network of potential cellular signaling connections, with several predicted interactions between cell types that may play roles in immune cell recruitment and other aspects of epididymal function. Our dataset extends on existing knowledge of epididymal biology, and provides a wealth of information on potential regulatory and signaling factors that bear future investigation.

scholarly journals A transcriptomic atlas of the mouse cerebellum reveals regional specializations and novel cell types

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Velina Kozareva ◽  
Caroline Martin ◽  
Tomas Osorno ◽  
Stephanie Rudolph ◽  
Chong Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Electrical Coupling ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Brain Cell ◽  
Brush Cells ◽  
Electrophysiological Properties ◽  
Regional Specialization ◽  
Mouse Cerebellum ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings

The cerebellum is a well-studied brain structure with diverse roles in motor learning, coordination, cognition, and autonomic regulation. Nonetheless, a complete inventory of cerebellar cell types is presently lacking. We used high-throughput transcriptional profiling to molecularly define cell types across individual lobules of the adult mouse cerebellum. Purkinje and granule neurons showed considerable regional specialization, with the greatest diversity occurring in the posterior lobules. For multiple types of cerebellar interneurons, the molecular variation within each type was more continuous, rather than discrete. For the unipolar brush cells (UBCs)—an interneuron population previously subdivided into two discrete populations—the continuous variation in gene expression was associated with a graded continuum of electrophysiological properties. Most surprisingly, we found that molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) were composed of two molecularly and functionally distinct types. Both show a continuum of morphological variation through the thickness of the molecular layer, but electrophysiological recordings revealed marked differences between the two types in spontaneous firing, excitability, and electrical coupling. Together, these findings provide the first comprehensive cellular atlas of the cerebellar cortex, and outline a methodological and conceptual framework for the integration of molecular, morphological, and physiological ontologies for defining brain cell types.

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