scholarly journals Identifying electrophysiological markers of autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia against a backdrop of normal brain development

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Christopher Edgar
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Normal Brain Development

scholarly journals Complement C4 is Reduced in iPSC-Derived Astrocytes of Autism Spectrum Disorder Subjects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Mansur ◽  
André Luiz Teles e Silva ◽  
Ana Karolyne Santos-Gomes ◽  
Juliana Magdalon ◽  
Janaina Sena de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Complement System ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Complement C4 ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract In recent years, accumulating evidence has shown that the innate immune complement system is involved in several aspects of normal brain development and in neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although abnormal expression of complement components was observed in post-mortem brain samples from individuals with ASD, little is known about the expression patterns of complement molecules in distinct cell types in the developing autistic brain. In the present study, we characterized the mRNA and protein expression profiles of a wide range of complement system components, receptors and regulators in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural progenitor cells, neurons and astrocytes of individuals with ASD and neurotypical controls, which constitute in vitro cellular models that recapitulate certain features of both the human brain development and ASD pathophysiology. We observed that all the analyzed cell lines constitutively express several key complement molecules. Interestingly, using different quantification strategies, we found that complement C4 mRNA and protein are expressed in significantly lower levels by astrocytes derived from ASD individuals compared to control. As astrocytes participate in synapse elimination and diminished C4 levels have been linked to defective synaptic pruning, our findings may contribute to an increased understanding of the atypically enhanced brain connectivity in ASD.

scholarly journals Complement C4 Is Reduced in iPSC-Derived Astrocytes of Autism Spectrum Disorder Subjects

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7579
Author(s):  
Fernanda Mansur ◽  
André Luiz Teles e Silva ◽  
Ana Karolyne Santos Gomes ◽  
Juliana Magdalon ◽  
Janaina Sena de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Complement System ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Complement C4 ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
Wide Range

In recent years, accumulating evidence has shown that the innate immune complement system is involved in several aspects of normal brain development and in neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although abnormal expression of complement components was observed in post-mortem brain samples from individuals with ASD, little is known about the expression patterns of complement molecules in distinct cell types in the developing autistic brain. In the present study, we characterized the mRNA and protein expression profiles of a wide range of complement system components, receptors and regulators in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural progenitor cells, neurons and astrocytes of individuals with ASD and neurotypical controls, which constitute in vitro cellular models that recapitulate certain features of both human brain development and ASD pathophysiology. We observed that all the analyzed cell lines constitutively express several key complement molecules. Interestingly, using different quantification strategies, we found that complement C4 mRNA and protein are expressed in significantly lower levels by astrocytes derived from ASD individuals compared to control astrocytes. As astrocytes participate in synapse elimination, and diminished C4 levels have been linked to defective synaptic pruning, our findings may contribute to an increased understanding of the atypically enhanced brain connectivity in ASD.

On the Development of VR and AR Learning Contents for Children on the Autism Spectrum

2018 ◽  
pp. 106-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo Herrera ◽  
Lucia Vera ◽  
Javier Sevilla ◽  
Cristina Portalés ◽  
Sergio Casas
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Important Case ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Group A ◽  
Visually Based ◽  
Educational Contents

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an umbrella term used to group a range of brain development disorders. The learning profile of most people with ASD is mainly visual, and VR and AR technologies offer important advantages to provide a visually based mean for gaining access to educational contents. The prices of VR and AR glasses and helmets have fallen. Also, a number of tools that facilitate the development and publication of AR and VR contents have recently appeared. Therefore, a scenario of opportunity for new developments has appeared in this field. This chapter offers guidelines for developing AR and VR learning contents for people on the autism spectrum and analyses those guidelines from the perspective of two important case studies developed in previous years.

The role of Pax6 in brain development and its impact on pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 1705 ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takako Kikkawa ◽  
Cristine R. Casingal ◽  
Seung Hee Chun ◽  
Hiroshi Shinohara ◽  
Kotaro Hiraoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder

scholarly journals Early brain development in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder

Nature ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 542 (7641) ◽  
pp. 348-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Cody Hazlett ◽  
◽  
Hongbin Gu ◽  
Brent C. Munsell ◽  
Sun Hyung Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Early Brain Development

scholarly journals Early patterns of functional brain development associated with autism spectrum disorder in tuberous sclerosis complex

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1758-1773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail Dickinson ◽  
Kandice J. Varcin ◽  
Mustafa Sahin ◽  
Charles A. Nelson ◽  
Shafali S. Jeste
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Tuberous Sclerosis ◽  
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Functional Brain

Maternal Fructose Consumption Disrupts Brain Development of Offspring in a Murine Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (14) ◽  
pp. 1357-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wael Alshehri ◽  
Jun Lei ◽  
Talar Kechichian ◽  
Phyllis Gamble ◽  
Nader Alhejaily ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Murine Model ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder

scholarly journals Deviation from normative brain development is associated with symptom severity in autism spectrum disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Birkan Tunç ◽  
Lisa D. Yankowitz ◽  
Drew Parker ◽  
Jacob A. Alappatt ◽  
Juhi Pandey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Fractional Anisotropy ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Brain Age

Abstract Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition. The degree to which the brain development in ASD deviates from typical brain development, and how this deviation relates to observed behavioral outcomes at the individual level are not well-studied. We hypothesize that the degree of deviation from typical brain development of an individual with ASD would relate to observed symptom severity. Methods The developmental changes in anatomical (cortical thickness, surface area, and volume) and diffusion metrics (fractional anisotropy and apparent diffusion coefficient) were compared between a sample of ASD (n = 247) and typically developing children (TDC) (n = 220) aged 6–25. Machine learning was used to predict age (brain age) from these metrics in the TDC sample, to define a normative model of brain development. This model was then used to compute brain age in the ASD sample. The difference between chronological age and brain age was considered a developmental deviation index (DDI), which was then correlated with ASD symptom severity. Results Machine learning model trained on all five metrics accurately predicted age in the TDC (r = 0.88) and the ASD (r = 0.85) samples, with dominant contributions to the model from the diffusion metrics. Within the ASD group, the DDI derived from fractional anisotropy was correlated with ASD symptom severity (r = − 0.2), such that individuals with the most advanced brain age showing the lowest severity, and individuals with the most delayed brain age showing the highest severity. Limitations This work investigated only linear relationships between five specific brain metrics and only one measure of ASD symptom severity in a limited age range. Reported effect sizes are moderate. Further work is needed to investigate developmental differences in other age ranges, other aspects of behavior, other neurobiological measures, and in an independent sample before results can be clinically applicable. Conclusions Findings demonstrate that the degree of deviation from typical brain development relates to ASD symptom severity, partially accounting for the observed heterogeneity in ASD. Our approach enables characterization of each individual with reference to normative brain development and identification of distinct developmental subtypes, facilitating a better understanding of developmental heterogeneity in ASD.

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