Lacking chloroplasts in guard cells ofcrumpled leafattenuates stomatal opening: both guard cell chloroplasts and mesophyll contribute to guard cell ATP levels

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 2201-2210 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHU-WEI WANG ◽  
YING LI ◽  
XIAO-LU ZHANG ◽  
HAI-QIANG YANG ◽  
XUE-FEI HAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guard Cell ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Atp Levels ◽  
Guard Cell Chloroplasts

Ultrastructural observations on guard cells of Vicia faba and Allium porrum

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1405-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Allaway ◽  
George Setterfield
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Allium Porrum ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Guard Cell Chloroplasts

Stomata of Vicia faba and Allium porrum were examined in thin section with the electron microscope. Guard cells contained numerous mitochondria, few plastids, and relatively small vacuoles traversed by many strands of cytoplasm. Spherosomes were often observed but were variable in occurrence. Endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes were present, although not well developed. Scattered microtubules were present at the periphery of the cells. Microbodies were very rarely observed in guard cells and no plasmodesmata were ever seen in the guard cell walls. Plastids were small and irregular in outline in guard cells of both species. Guard cell plastids of V. faba contained abundant large starch granules. In both species thylakoids were few and grana were small in comparison with mesophyll plastids. The inner of the two bounding membranes of guard cell chloroplasts was extensively invaginated, forming a peripheral reticulum. This was not observed in mesophyll plastids of these species. Small groups of microtubule-like structures were often observed in V. faba guard cell plastids; microtubule-like structures were less frequent in A. porrum plastids, and were not in groups. The structures described are compared with those of other epidermal cells and mesophyll cells, and are discussed in relation to guard cell physiology.

Ca2+ signalling in stomatal guard cells

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 476-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. McAinsh ◽  
J. E. Gray ◽  
A. M. Hetherington ◽  
C. P. Leckie ◽  
C. Ng
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Cell Turgor ◽  
Stomatal Guard Cells ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Characteristics

Ca2+ is a ubiquitous second messenger in the signal transduction pathway(s) by which stomatal guard cells respond to external stimuli. Increases in guard-cell cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) have been observed in response to stimuli that cause both stomatal opening and closure. In addition, several important components of Ca2+-based signalling pathways have been identified in guard cells, including the cADP-ribose and phospholipase C/Ins(1,4,5)P3-mediated Ca2+-mobilizing pathways. The central role of stimulus-induced increases in [Ca2+]cyt in guard-cell signal transduction has been clearly demonstrated in experiments examining the effects of modulating increases in [Ca2+]cyt on alterations in guard-cell turgor or the activity of ion channels that act as effectors in the guard-cell turgor response. In addition, the paradox that Ca2+ is involved in the transduction of signals that result in opposite end responses (stomatal opening and closure) might be accounted for by the generation of stimulus-specific Ca2+ signatures, such that increases in [Ca2+]cyt exhibit unique spatial and temporal characteristics.

scholarly journals K+ transport properties of K+ channels in the plasma membrane of Vicia faba guard cells.

1988 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 667-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
J I Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Transport Properties ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
K Channels ◽  
K Transport ◽  
K Currents

Electrical properties of the plasma membrane of guard cell protoplasts isolated from stomates of Vicia faba leaves were studied by application of the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. The two types of K+ currents that have recently been identified in guard cells may allow efflux of K+ during stomatal closing, and uptake of K+ during stomatal opening (Schroeder et al., 1987). A detailed characterization of ion transport properties of the inward-rectifying (IK+,in) and the outward-rectifying (IK+,out) K+ conductance is presented here. The permeability ratios of IK+,in and IK+,out currents for K+ over monovalent alkali metal ions were determined. The resulting permeability sequences (PK+ greater than PRb+ greater than PNa+ greater than PLi+ much greater than PCs+) corresponded closely to the ion specificity of guard cell movements in V. faba. Neither K+ currents exhibited significant inactivation when K+ channels were activated for prolonged periods (greater than 10 min). The absence of inactivation may permit long durations of K+ fluxes, which occur during guard cell movements. Activation potentials of inward K+ currents were not shifted when external K+ concentrations were changed. This differs strongly from the behavior of inward-rectifying K+ channels in animal tissue. Blue light and fusicoccin induce hyperpolarization by stimulation of an electrogenic pump. From slow-whole-cell recordings it was concluded that electrogenic pumps require cytoplasmic substrates for full activation and that the magnitude of the pump current is sufficient to drive K+ uptake through IK+,in channels. First, direct evidence was gained for the hypothesis that IK+,in channels are a molecular pathway for K+ accumulation by the finding that IK+,in was blocked by Al3+ ions, which are known to inhibit stomatal opening but not closing. The results presented in this study strongly support a prominent role for IK+,in and IK+,out channels in K+ transport across the plasma membrane of guard cells.

scholarly journals Guard-Cell Chloroplasts Provide ATP Required for H+ Pumping in the Plasma Membrane and Stomatal Opening

2001 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 795-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misumi Tominaga ◽  
Toshinori Kinoshita ◽  
Ken-ichiro Shimazaki
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Guard Cell Chloroplasts

scholarly journals Eukaryotic lipid metabolic pathway is essential for functional chloroplasts and CO2 and light responses in Arabidopsis guard cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (36) ◽  
pp. 9038-9043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juntaro Negi ◽  
Shintaro Munemasa ◽  
Boseok Song ◽  
Ryosuke Tadakuma ◽  
Mayumi Fujita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Stomatal Guard Cells ◽  
Guard Cell Chloroplasts ◽  
And Function

Stomatal guard cells develop unique chloroplasts in land plant species. However, the developmental mechanisms and function of chloroplasts in guard cells remain unclear. In seed plants, chloroplast membrane lipids are synthesized via two pathways: the prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathways. Here we report the central contribution of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived chloroplast lipids, which are synthesized through the eukaryotic lipid metabolic pathway, in the development of functional guard cell chloroplasts. We gained insight into this pathway by isolating and examining an Arabidopsis mutant, gles1 (green less stomata 1), which had achlorophyllous stomatal guard cells and impaired stomatal responses to CO2 and light. The GLES1 gene encodes a small glycine-rich protein, which is a putative regulatory component of the trigalactosyldiacylglycerol (TGD) protein complex that mediates ER-to-chloroplast lipid transport via the eukaryotic pathway. Lipidomic analysis revealed that in the wild type, the prokaryotic pathway is dysfunctional, specifically in guard cells, whereas in gles1 guard cells, the eukaryotic pathway is also abrogated. CO2-induced stomatal closing and activation of guard cell S-type anion channels that drive stomatal closure were disrupted in gles1 guard cells. In conclusion, the eukaryotic lipid pathway plays an essential role in the development of a sensing/signaling machinery for CO2 and light in guard cell chloroplasts.

scholarly journals Pathogen-Mediated Stomatal Opening: A Previously Overlooked Pathogenicity Strategy in the Oomycete Pathogen Phytophthora infestans

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Na Yang ◽  
Hao Liu ◽  
Yan-Ping Wang ◽  
Jenifer Seematti ◽  
Laura J. Grenville-Briggs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Stomatal Movement ◽  
Oomycete Pathogen ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

Phytophthora infestans, the most damaging oomycete pathogen of potato, is specialized to grow sporangiophore through opened stomata for secondary inoculum production. However, it is still unclear which metabolic pathways in potato are manipulated by P. infestans in the guard cell–pathogen interactions to open the stomata. Here microscopic observations and cell biology were used to investigate antagonistic interactions between guard cells and the oomycete pathogen. We observed that the antagonistic interactions started at the very beginning of infection. Stomatal movement is an important part of the immune response of potato to P. infestans infection and this occurs through guard cell death and stomatal closure. We observed that P. infestans appeared to manipulate metabolic processes in guard cells, such as triacylglycerol (TAG) breakdown, starch degradation, H2O2 scavenging, and NO catabolism, which are involved in stomatal movement, to evade these stomatal defense responses. The signal transduction pathway of P. infestans-induced stomatal opening likely starts from H2O2 and NO scavenging, along with TAG breakdown while the subsequent starch degradation reinforces the opening process by strengthening guard cell turgor and opening the stomata to their maximum aperture. These results suggest that stomata are a barrier stopping P. infestans from completing its life cycle, but this host defense system can be bypassed through the manipulation of diverse metabolic pathways that may be induced by P. infestans effector proteins.

scholarly journals The Regulation of Stomatal Aperture in Tobacco Leaf Epidermal Strips

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 877 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Guard Cell ◽  
Cell Membranes ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Stomatal Aperture ◽  
Bathing Solution ◽  
Bathing Medium ◽  
Tobacco Leaf ◽  
Phosphoenol Pyruvate

Stepwise decreases in the stomatal aperture of tobacco leaf epidermal strips followed stepwise increases in the concentration of KHCOa added to bathing solutions. Removal of KHCOa from the bathing solution resulted in a rapid increase in aperture. The reduction in aperture caused by KHCO., both in the light and dark, can be reversed by the addition of ATP or phosphoenol pyruvate to the bathing solution. The stomatal opening, supported by a NaCl bathing medium, is reduced by the addition of NaHCOa? From the results it is suggested that HCO;/C02t increases the permeability of guard cell membranes causing a net efflux of water or ions or both from the guard cells.

scholarly journals Guard Cell Chloroplasts Are Essential for Blue Light-Dependent Stomatal Opening in Arabidopsis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e108374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Suetsugu ◽  
Tsuneaki Takami ◽  
Yuuta Ebisu ◽  
Harutaka Watanabe ◽  
Chihoko Iiboshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Guard Cell Chloroplasts

scholarly journals Ozone Altered Stomatal/Guard Cell Function: Whole Plant and Single Cell Analysis

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva J. Pell ◽  
Sarah M. Assmann ◽  
Amnon Schwartz ◽  
Hava Steinberger
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Guard Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
K Channels

Original objectives (revisions from original proposal are highlighted) 1. Elucidate the direct effects O3 and H2O2 on guard cell function, utilizing assays of stomatal response in isolated epidermal peels and whole cell gas exchange. 2. Determine the mechanistic basis of O3 and H2O2 effects on the plasma membrane through application of the electrophysiological technique of patch clamping to isolated guard cells. 3. Determine the relative sensitivity of Israeli cultivars of economically important crops to O3 and determine whether differential leaf conductance responses to O3 can explain relative sensitivity to the air pollutant: transfer of technological expertise to Israel. Background to the topic For a long time O3 has been known to reduce gas exchange in plants; it has however been unclear if O3 can affect the stomatal complex directly. Ion channels are essential in stomatal regulation, but O3 has never before been shown to affect these directly. Major conclusions, solution, achievements 1. Ozone inhibits light-induced stomatal opening in epidermal peels isolated from Vicia faba, Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum in V. faba plants this leads to reduced assimilation without a direct effect on the photosynthetic apparatus. Stomatal opening is more sensitive to O3 than stomatal closure. 2. Ozone causes inhibition of inward K+ channels (involved in stomatal opening) while no detectable effect is observed o the outward K+ channels (stomatal closure). 3. Hydrogen peroxide inhibits stomatal opening and induces stomatal closure in epidermal peels isolated from Vicia faba. 4. Hydrogen peroxide enhances stomatal closure by increasing K+ efflux from guard cells via outward rectifying K+ channels. 5. Based on epidermal peel experiments we have indirectly shown that Ca2+ may play a role in the guard cell response to O3. However, direct measurement of the guard cell [Ca2+]cyt did not show a response to O3. 6. Three Israeli cultivars of zucchini, Clarita, Yarden and Bareqet, were shown to be relatively sensitive to O3 (0.12 ml1-1 ). 7. Two environmentally important Israeli pine species are adversely affected by O3, even at 0.050 ml1-1 , a level frequently exceeded under local tropospheric conditions. P. brutia may be better equipped than P. halepensis to tolerate O3 stress. 8. Ozone directly affects pigment biosynthesis in pine seedlings, as well as the metabolism of O5 precursors, thus affecting the allocation of resources among various metabolic pathways. 9. Ozone induces activity of antioxidant enzymes, and of ascorbate content i the mesophyll and epidermis cells of Commelina communis L. Implications, both scientific and agricultural We have improved the understanding of how O3 and H2O2 do affect guard cell and stomatal function. We have shown that economical important Israeli species like zucchini and pine are relatively sensitive to O3.

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