scholarly journals The LATERAL ROOT DENSITY gene regulates root growth during water stress in wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1955-1968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dante F. Placido ◽  
Jaspreet Sandhu ◽  
Shirley J. Sato ◽  
Natalya Nersesian ◽  
Truyen Quach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Density

scholarly journals Proline-Mediated Drought Tolerance in the Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Isogenic Line Is Associated with Lateral Root Growth at the Early Seedling Stage

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2177
Author(s):  
Felix Frimpong ◽  
Michael Anokye ◽  
Carel W. Windt ◽  
Ali A. Naz ◽  
Michael Frei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Isogenic Line ◽  
Reduced Water

A vigorous root system in barley promotes water uptake from the soil under water-limited conditions. We investigated three spring barley genotypes with varying water stress responses using rhizoboxes at the seedling stage. The genotypes comprised two elite German cultivars, Barke and Scarlett, and a near-isogenic line, NIL 143. The isogenic line harbors the wild allele pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase1-P5cs1. Root growth in rhizoboxes under reduced water availability conditions caused a significant reduction in total root length, rooting depth, root maximum width, and root length density. On average, root growth was reduced by more than 20% due to water stress. Differences in organ proline concentrations were observed for all genotypes, with shoots grown under water stress exhibiting at least a 30% higher concentration than the roots. Drought induced higher leaf and root proline concentrations in NIL 143 compared with any of the other genotypes. Under reduced water availability conditions, NIL 143 showed less severe symptoms of drought, higher lateral root length, rooting depth, maximum root width, root length density, and convex hull area compared with Barke and Scarlett. Within the same comparison, under water stress, NIL 143 had a higher proportion of lateral roots (+30%), which were also placed at deeper substrate horizons. NIL 143 had a less negative plant water potential and higher relative leaf water content and stomatal conductance compared with the other genotypes under water stress. Under these conditions, this genotype also maintained an enhanced net photosynthetic rate and exhibited considerable fine root growth (diameter class 0.05–0.35 mm). These results show that water stress induces increased shoot and root proline accumulation in the NIL 143 barley genotype at the seedling stage and that this effect is associated with increased lateral root growth.

Root system morphology and primary root anatomy in natural non-metallicolous and metallicolous populations of three Arabidopsis species differing in heavy metal tolerance

Biologia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Staňová ◽  
Eva Ďurišová ◽  
Viera Banásová ◽  
Erika Gurinová ◽  
Miriam Nadubinská ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Metal Tolerance ◽  
Heavy Metal Tolerance ◽  
Root Density ◽  
Root Anatomy ◽  
Arabidopsis Species

AbstractRoot system morphology was characterized in the seedlings of heavy-metal sensitive Arabidopsis thaliana, the non-metallicolous (NM) and metallicolous (M) populations of the tolerant A. arenosa and A. halleri, developed on the natural soils: the Zn-Pb-Cd-Cu-contaminated (C soils), the non-contaminated (NC soils), and on an identical nutrient-rich compost. Anatomy of primary roots grown on agar medium with control and elevated zinc concentrations was investigated also in the model A. thaliana ecotype Columbia.The three Arabidopsis species differed in morphological and/or quantitative responses to the varying soil qualities. Comparing to natural NC soil, the morphology of A. thaliana root system differed only on the compost with dominating lateral root lengths while the root lengths were reduced on the C soil. In NM and M populations of A. arenosa the lateral root elongation and density were reduced on the C soil and root growth but not lateral root density were stimulated on the compost. In NM and M populations of A. halleri the root system morphology remained unaltered in all three soils. The root elongation was reduced but lateral root initiation increased on the C soil while the roots were longer and lateral root density lower on the compost. The responses of A. arenosa or A. halleri populations differed only in absolute root lengths. The similarity in morphological responses to varying soil metal contents indicated plastic responses rather than heritable traits of the root systems.The root tissue organization three Arabidopsis species resembled the known A. thaliana ecotype Columbia. Quantitatively, the tolerant species and their M populations had thicker roots due to a greater number and size of cells in epidermis, cortex including a higher number of middle cortex cells, and endodermis. The rates of root growth and quantitative root anatomy may represent morphological traits contributing to heavy metal tolerance of the Arabidopsis species.

scholarly journals High throughput phenotyping of root growth dynamics, lateral root formation, root architecture and root hair development enabled by PlaRoM

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nima Yazdanbakhsh ◽  
Joachim Fisahn
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Kinetics ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Root Extension ◽  
Lateral Root Development

Plant organ phenotyping by non-invasive video imaging techniques provides a powerful tool to assess physiological traits and biomass production. We describe here a range of applications of a recently developed plant root monitoring platform (PlaRoM). PlaRoM consists of an imaging platform and a root extension profiling software application. This platform has been developed for multi parallel recordings of root growth phenotypes of up to 50 individual seedlings over several days, with high spatial and temporal resolution. PlaRoM can investigate root extension profiles of different genotypes in various growth conditions (e.g. light protocol, temperature, growth media). In particular, we present primary root growth kinetics that was collected over several days. Furthermore, addition of 0.01% sucrose to the growth medium provided sufficient carbohydrates to maintain reduced growth rates in extended nights. Further analysis of records obtained from the imaging platform revealed that lateral root development exhibits similar growth kinetics to the primary root, but that root hairs develop in a faster rate. The compatibility of PlaRoM with currently accessible software packages for studying root architecture will be discussed. We are aiming for a global application of our collected root images to analytical tools provided in remote locations.

scholarly journals MiR393 and miR390 synergistically regulate lateral root growth in rice under different conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuzhu Lu ◽  
Zhen Feng ◽  
Xuanyu Liu ◽  
Liying Bian ◽  
Hong Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lateral Root

scholarly journals Regulation of lateral root development by shoot-sensed far-red light via HY5 is nitrate-dependent and involves the NRT2.1 nitrate transporter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasper van Gelderen ◽  
Chiakai Kang ◽  
Peijin Li ◽  
Ronald Pierik
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Nitrate Transporter ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Nitrate Signaling

AbstractPlants are very effective in responding to environmental changes during competition for light and nutrients. Low Red:Far-Red (low R:FR)-mediated neighbor detection allows plants to compete successfully with other plants for available light. This above-ground signal can also reduce lateral root growth by inhibiting lateral root emergence, a process that might help the plant invest resources in shoot growth. Nitrate is an essential nutrient for plant growth and Arabidopsis thaliana responds to low nitrate conditions by enhancing nutrient uptake and reducing lateral and main root growth. There are indications that low R:FR signaling and low nitrate signaling can affect each other. It is unknown which response is prioritized when low R:FR light- and low nitrate signaling co-occur. We investigated the effect of low nitrate conditions on the low R:FR response of the A. thaliana root system in agar plate media, combined with the application of supplemental Far-Red (FR) light to the shoot. We observed that under low nitrate conditions main and lateral root growth was reduced, but more importantly, that the response of the root system to low R:FR was suppressed. Consistently, a loss-of-function mutant of a nitrate transporter gene NRT2.1 lacked low R:FR-induced lateral root reduction and its root growth was hypersensitive to low nitrate. ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) plays an important role in the root response to low R:FR and we found that it was less sensitive to low nitrate conditions with regards to lateral root growth. In addition, we found that low R:FR increases NRT2.1 expression and that low nitrate enhances HY5 expression. HY5 also affects NRT2.1 expression, however, it depended on the presence of ammonium in which direction this effect was. Replacing part of the nitrogen source with ammonium also removed the effect of low R:FR on the root system, showing that changes in nitrogen sources can be crucial for root plasticity. Together our results show that nitrate signaling can repress low R:FR responses and that this involves signaling via HY5 and NRT2.1.

scholarly journals Lateral Root Priming Synergystically Arises from Root Growth and Auxin Transport Dynamics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thea van den Berg ◽  
Kirsten H. ten Tusscher
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Cycle Duration ◽  
Elongation Zone ◽  
Lateral Root Formation ◽  
Cell Cycle Duration

AbstractThe root system is a major determinant of plant fitness. Its capacity to supply the plant with sufficient water and nutrients strongly depends on root system architecture, which arises from the repeated branching off of lateral roots. A critical first step in lateral root formation is priming, which prepatterns sites competent of forming a lateral root. Priming is characterized by temporal oscillations in auxin, auxin signalling and gene expression in the root meristem, which through growth become transformed into a spatially repetitive pattern of competent sites. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of auxin synthesis, transport and perception for the amplitude of these oscillations and their chances of producing an actual competent site. Additionally, repeated lateral root cap apoptosis was demonstrated to be strongly correlated with repetitive lateral root priming. Intriguingly, no single mutation has been identified that fully abolishes lateral root formation, and thusfar the mechanism underlying oscillations has remained unknown. In this study, we investigated the impact of auxin reflux loop properties combined with root growth dynamics on priming, using a computational approach. To this end we developed a novel multi-scale root model incorporating a realistic root tip architecture and reflux loop properties as well as root growth dynamics. Excitingly, in this model, repetitive auxin elevations automatically emerge. First, we show that root tip architecture and reflux loop properties result in an auxin loading zone at the start of the elongation zone, with preferential auxin loading in narrow vasculature cells. Second, we demonstrate how meristematic root growth dynamics causes regular alternations in the sizes of cells arriving at the elongation zone, which subsequently become amplified during cell expansion. These cell size differences translate into differences in cellular auxin loading potential. Combined, these properties result in temporal and spatial fluctuations in auxin levels in vasculature and pericycle cells. Our model predicts that temporal priming frequency predominantly depends on cell cycle duration, while cell cycle duration together with meristem size control lateral root spacing.

Root Growth of Neighboring Maize and Weeds Studied with Minirhizotrons

Weed Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Britschgi ◽  
Peter Stamp ◽  
Juan M. Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Root Density ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Belowground Competition ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed

Competition between crops and weeds may be stronger at the root than at the shoot level, but belowground competition remains poorly understood, due to the lack of suitable methods for root discrimination. Using a transgenic maize line expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), we nondestructively discriminated maize roots from weed roots. Interactions between GFP-expressing maize, common lambsquarters, and redroot pigweed were studied in two different experiments with plants arranged in rows at a higher plant density (using boxes with a surface area of 0.09 m2) and in single-plant arrangements (using boxes with a surface area of 0.48 m2). Root density was screened using minirhizotrons. Relative to maize that was grown alone, maize root density was reduced from 41 to 87% when it was grown with redroot pigweed and from 27 to 73% when it was grown with common lambsquarters compared to maize grown alone. The calculated root : shoot ratios as well as the results of shoot dry weight and root density showed that both weed species restricted root growth more than they restricted shoot growth of maize. The effect of maize on the root density of the weeds ranged from a reduction of 25% to an increase of 23% for common lambsquarters and a reduction of 42 to 6% for redroot pigweed. This study constitutes the first direct quantification of root growth and distribution of maize growing together with weeds. Here we demonstrate that the innovative use of transgenic GFP-expressing maize combined with the minirhizotron technique offers new insights on the nature of the response of major crops to belowground competition with weeds.

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