scholarly journals WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and United Nations Population Division Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2015 Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 726-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bongaarts
2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Tortoreto

Nell’anno 2008 i leaders del mondo si sono riuniti a New York per verificare il compimento degli obiettivi stabiliti nella Dichiarazione del Millennio, l’8 settembre 2000. Il quinto Obiettivo del Millennio delle Nazioni Unite è dedicato al miglioramento della salute materno-infantile. L’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (OMS), il Fondo delle Nazioni Unite per la Popolazione (UNFPA), quello per l’Infanzia (UNICEF) e la Banca Mondiale hanno sottoscritto una dichiarazione sulla salute materna e del neonato, impegnandosi ad intensificare il sostegno ai Paesi per raggiungere gli OSM 4 e 5, ridurre la mortalità infantile e migliorare la salute materna. Queste organizzazioni si soffermano sul concetto di “salute riproduttiva”: uno dei tipici concetti contraddittori e ambigui elaborati alle Conferenze del Cairo del 1994 e Pechino del 1995, che si basa sulla definizione di salute data dall’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità, in cui la salute è intesa come “stato di benessere fisico, psicologico e sociale”, rimarcando che essa non consiste soltanto nell’assenza di malattie. Tale definizione, utopistica ed edonistica, è stata criticata dalla comunità internazionale, e tuttavia, durante le assemblee delle Nazioni Unite al Cairo e a Pechino è stata applicata alla salute materna, detta impropriamente riproduttiva invece che procreativa. I documenti sulla “salute riproduttiva” dell’OMS, dell’UNFPA, dell’UNICEF e della Banca Mondiale diffondono le direttive elaborate al Cairo sulla “salute riproduttiva” e l’aborto è incluso in questo ambiguo concetto di “salute riproduttiva”. ---------- In the year 2008 the leaders of the World convened in New York to ascertain the achievement of the goals established in the United Nations Millennium Declaration on 8 September 2000. The 5th UN Millennium Objective is dedicated to the improvement of maternal and children health. The World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), World Bank have signed a joint statement on maternal and newborn health in which they are committed to intensify their support to countries to achieve the Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5, To improve maternal health and To reduce child mortality. These organizations dwell upon the concept of “reproductive health”: one of the typical contradictory and ambiguous concepts elaborated at the UN Conferences in Cairo in 1994 and Beijing in 1995 that is based on the definition of health given by the World Health Organization, in which health is understood as “state of physical, psychological and social well being”, and hence not only in the absence of diseases. This definition, utopian and hedonistic, was criticized by the international community, and yet, despite that, during the UN assemblies in Cairo and Beijing it was applied to maternal health, improperly termed reproductive instead of procreative health. The documents on “reproductive health” of the WHO, UNFPA, UNICEF, World Bank diffuse the directives drafted in Cairo on “reproductive health”, and abortion is included in this ambiguous concept of “reproductive health”.


2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 405-424
Author(s):  
Pia Acconci

The World Health Organization (who) was established in 1946 as a specialized agency of the United Nations (un). Since its establishment, the who has managed outbreaks of infectious diseases from a regulatory, as well as an operational perspective. The adoption of the International Health Regulations (ihrs) has been an important achievement from the former perspective. When the Ebola epidemic intensified in 2014, the who Director General issued temporary recommendations under the ihrs in order to reduce the spread of the disease and minimize cross-border barriers to international trade. The un Secretary General and then the Security Council and the General Assembly have also taken action against the Ebola epidemic. In particular, the Security Council adopted a resolution under Chapter vii of the un Charter, and thus connected the maintenance of the international peace and security to the health and social emergency. After dealing with the role of the who as a guide and coordinator of the reaction to epidemics, this article shows how the action by the Security Council against the Ebola epidemic impacts on the who ‘authority’ for the protection of health.


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