The Impacts of Free Universal Elderly Care on the Supply of Informal Care and Labour Supply*

<p>While the employment rate of women in New Zealand has trended upwards since the end of the Second World War, employment is still highly variable by ethnicity, age and region. One of the least engaged categories are young (15-24 years) Maori women. They have much lower employment rates than their Pakeha counterparts (42% and 64% respectively) and this is not offset by greater involvement in education. At 33%, Maori actually have much lower education rates than Pakeha women (46%). Instead young Maori women are more heavily involved in unpaid work. A very high 44% report spending time taking care of a child at home during the week, versus only 21% of their Pakeha counterparts. Although there is a general awareness of these differences, there has been no systematic enquiry into the origins of the low engagement of young Maori women or its contemporary manifestations. This thesis offers an integrated analysis of labour supply and time allocation of young Maori women, drawing on insights from economic theory and past studies of female Maori labour supply. It is among the first master's thesis to utilise unit record data from the New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings. Access to data on individuals and their location is essential if geographers are going to be able to join other disciplines in modelling human behaviour. In this case I use the census records on individuals in order to test three hypotheses: Firstly, those young Maori women have greater exposure to household compositions which generate domestic responsibilities that compete with the devotion of time to paid employment. Secondly, that when Maori and Pakeha are both faced with these responsibilities, there is a stronger negative effect on the likelihood of a young Maori woman securing employment, relative to her Pakeha counterparts. Finally, that young Maori women are more likely to live in geographical areas that adversely affect their likelihood of being employed than their Pakeha equivalent. Access to the census has the benefit of including as variables the characteristics of the household in which young women are living. In doing so it extends the standard empirical models of female labour supply to include elements from the literature on child labour, household labour supply models in agricultural settings, as well as the analysis of pluri-activity, all of which model young women's behaviour in the context of the economic and social structure of the household. What I demonstrate is not that young Maori women's labour participation is any more sensitive than Pakeha to constraints which I take household structure to impose, but simply that labour constraining structures are themselves far more prevalent in the case of young Maori women. It is the greater demands such households impose on the need for child care, elderly care and help in the community that combine with the lower demand for the labour of young Maori women often in non-metropolitan settings which combine to generate the much higher market inactivity rates we see particularly among Maori women in their early twenties. Being able to demonstrate this point using individual records on virtually the full population of young Maori and Pakeha women is the major contribution of this thesis.</p>

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How Politico-Economic Systems Shape Individuals’ Value of Elderly Care: Evidence From the German Reunification

The Gerontologist ◽

10.1093/geront/gnz128 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Freya Diederich ◽

Hans-Helmut König ◽

Christian Brettschneider

Keyword(s):

Economic System ◽

Elderly People ◽

Informal Care ◽

Elderly Care ◽

The Elderly ◽

Social Market Economy ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Care For The Elderly ◽

Average Marginal Effects ◽

Social Market

Abstract Background and Objectives Perceptions of how societies should care for the elderly people can differ among countries. This study examines to what extent individuals’ value of informal care is shaped by the politico-economic system in which they grew up and if this value adjusts once an individual lives in a different politico-economic system. Research Design and Methods We use data from the German Family Panel and take advantage of the unique setting of the German separation and reunification. Probit models are used to examine the effect of being born in East Germany on individuals’ value of informal care relative to employment at different birth cohorts and survey waves (N = 14,093). Average marginal effects are calculated. Results Twenty years after reunification, East Germans who spent their adolescence under communism exhibit a higher value of informal care relative to employment than West Germans who grew up in a western social market economy. Differences in values between East and West Germans do not significantly converge over time. Discussion and Implications Individuals’ value of informal care is deeply shaped by the politico-economic system in which they grew up. If immigration policies are introduced to increase the care for elderly people, differences in individuals’ cultural perceptions of elderly care should be considered as these will not suddenly adjust.

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Labour Supply and Informal Care Responses to Health Shocks within Couples: Evidence from the UKHL

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3837099 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Annarita Macchioni Giaquinto ◽

Andrew M. Jones ◽

Nigel Rice ◽

Francesca Zantomio

Keyword(s):

Informal Care ◽

Labour Supply ◽

Health Shocks

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Elderly care policy, formal and informal care the Swedish case

Health Policy ◽

10.1016/0168-8510(91)90024-r ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 231-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Lennarth Johansson

Keyword(s):

Informal Care ◽

Elderly Care ◽

Care Policy

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Friendship Repertoires and Care Arrangement

The International Journal of Aging and Human Development ◽

10.1177/0091415016668353 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 84 (2) ◽

pp. 180-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Julia Hahmann

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Older Adult ◽

Informal Care ◽

Elderly Care ◽

Qualitative Interviews ◽

Family Members ◽

Social Practices ◽

Care Arrangement ◽

Relationship Systems ◽

To Receive

Friends are important companions and serve as sources for diverse dimensions of social support, including elderly care. Rather than researching populations that have already established care arrangements including friends, the author seeks to understand relationship systems with a focus on the inner logic friendship to consequently describe and understand involved care arrangements, be it with family members or friends. To illustrate the diversity of friendship repertoires, qualitative interviews with older adult Germans are analyzed regarding cognitive concepts of friendships in contrast to familiar ties as well as social practices around relationship systems. While some repertoires successfully include chosen ties in their care arrangements, others not only focus on family, they do not wish to receive care from friends. The article’s praxeological approach highlights the need to reflect habitual differences when thinking about elderly informal care arrangements.

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Participation in Employment and Education of Young Maori Women: the Effects of Domestic Constraints and Settlement Patterns

10.26686/wgtn.16967284 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Dale Warburton

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Time Allocation ◽

Labour Supply ◽

Elderly Care ◽

Integrated Analysis ◽

Master's Thesis ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Employment Rates ◽

Household Labour ◽

Access To Data

<p>While the employment rate of women in New Zealand has trended upwards since the end of the Second World War, employment is still highly variable by ethnicity, age and region. One of the least engaged categories are young (15-24 years) Maori women. They have much lower employment rates than their Pakeha counterparts (42% and 64% respectively) and this is not offset by greater involvement in education. At 33%, Maori actually have much lower education rates than Pakeha women (46%). Instead young Maori women are more heavily involved in unpaid work. A very high 44% report spending time taking care of a child at home during the week, versus only 21% of their Pakeha counterparts. Although there is a general awareness of these differences, there has been no systematic enquiry into the origins of the low engagement of young Maori women or its contemporary manifestations. This thesis offers an integrated analysis of labour supply and time allocation of young Maori women, drawing on insights from economic theory and past studies of female Maori labour supply. It is among the first master's thesis to utilise unit record data from the New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings. Access to data on individuals and their location is essential if geographers are going to be able to join other disciplines in modelling human behaviour. In this case I use the census records on individuals in order to test three hypotheses: Firstly, those young Maori women have greater exposure to household compositions which generate domestic responsibilities that compete with the devotion of time to paid employment. Secondly, that when Maori and Pakeha are both faced with these responsibilities, there is a stronger negative effect on the likelihood of a young Maori woman securing employment, relative to her Pakeha counterparts. Finally, that young Maori women are more likely to live in geographical areas that adversely affect their likelihood of being employed than their Pakeha equivalent. Access to the census has the benefit of including as variables the characteristics of the household in which young women are living. In doing so it extends the standard empirical models of female labour supply to include elements from the literature on child labour, household labour supply models in agricultural settings, as well as the analysis of pluri-activity, all of which model young women's behaviour in the context of the economic and social structure of the household. What I demonstrate is not that young Maori women's labour participation is any more sensitive than Pakeha to constraints which I take household structure to impose, but simply that labour constraining structures are themselves far more prevalent in the case of young Maori women. It is the greater demands such households impose on the need for child care, elderly care and help in the community that combine with the lower demand for the labour of young Maori women often in non-metropolitan settings which combine to generate the much higher market inactivity rates we see particularly among Maori women in their early twenties. Being able to demonstrate this point using individual records on virtually the full population of young Maori and Pakeha women is the major contribution of this thesis.</p>

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