scholarly journals Different levels of energetic coupling between photosynthesis and respiration do not determine the occurrence of adaptive responses of Symbiodiniaceae to global warming

2020 ◽  
Vol 228 (3) ◽  
pp. 855-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Pierangelini ◽  
Marc Thiry ◽  
Pierre Cardol
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Photosynthesis And Respiration ◽  
Different Levels

scholarly journals Biochemical Dymorphism of Potassium Content and its Adaptive Significance in Domestic Reindeer

2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 03005
Author(s):  
Alexander Yuzhakov ◽  
Anatoly Kushnir ◽  
Kasim Laishev ◽  
Vasily Zabrodin
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Gene Frequencies ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Different Levels

The connection between the types of potassium concentration and the ecogenesis of the studied groups of animals, with the degree of extreme conditions of breeding, with types of potassium in extreme conditions of breeding is known. In this regard, studies on autochthonous species of ungulates in the Subarctic are of great interest, the most numerous of which is the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Comparative analysis of the adaptive responses of NK and LK types at different levels of organization confirmed the presence of the adaptive advantage of animals characterized by a hereditarily high concentration of potassium in the blood in ecological-geographical zones with extreme environmental conditions. As a result of a study on domesticated reindeer, a clearly expressed dimorphism in the level of potassium in the blood was revealed, due to a genetically controlled high NK and low LK concentration. The average level of potassium in whole blood in the studied population of reindeer is 26.94 ± 0.56 meq/l with a variability of 24.61%. It was revealed that the average level of potassium content in whole blood by sex and age was distributed as follows: whales 22.97 - 25.80 meq/l at P> 0.05, castrate bulls had indicators significantly higher than 28.37 - 29.58 meq / l, at P> 0.05, the young showed intermediate indicators - 27.37 - 28.13 at P> 0.05. The intragroup variability in potassium content in whole blood ranged from 15.5 to 31.05%. It was found that in domestic reindeer the ratio of animals of the high-potassium (HK) type is 88.02% and of the lowpotassium (LK) type - 11.98%, while the gene frequencies for highpotassium animals are 0.9381.

scholarly journals Understanding the Unseen: CO2's Connections in Life

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (7) ◽  
pp. 470-476
Author(s):  
Rick Martin ◽  
Eun Ju Lim
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Real World ◽  
General Public ◽  
Earth’S Atmosphere ◽  
Earth's Atmosphere ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Photosynthesis And Respiration

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless gas that makes up a small fraction of Earth's atmosphere. Despite its inconspicuous nature, CO2 plays an integral part in sustaining life on Earth, a part that is largely unknown or underappreciated by the general public. We present a set of activities designed to help students overcome the most common misunderstandings about CO2, from its sheer existence as a mass-containing molecule to its complementary roles in photosynthesis and respiration. Through these activities, students will be able to apply their knowledge to real-world phenomena, including weight loss and global warming.

scholarly journals Storylines of the 2018 Northern Hemisphere heat wave at pre-industrial and higher global warming levels

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Wehrli ◽  
Mathias Hauser ◽  
Sonia I. Seneviratne
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Circulation Pattern ◽  
Community Earth System Model ◽  
Anomalous Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Simultaneous Heat ◽  
Different Levels

<p>The 2018 summer was unusually hot in large areas of the Northern Hemisphere and simultaneous heat waves on three continents led to major impacts to agriculture and society. The event was driven by the anomalous atmospheric circulation pattern during that summer and it was only possible in a climate with global warming. There are indications that in a future, warmer climate similar events might occur regularly, affecting major ‘breadbasket’ regions of the Northern Hemisphere.</p><p>This study aims to understand the role of climate change for driving the intensity of the 2018 summer and to explore the sensitivity to changing warming levels. Model simulations are performed using the Community Earth System Model to investigate storylines for the extreme 2018 summer given the observed atmospheric large-scale circulation but different levels of background global warming: no human imprint, the 2018 conditions, and different mean global warming levels (1.5°C, 2°C, 3°C, and 4°C). The storylines explore the consequences of the event in an alternative warmer or colder world and thus help to increase our understanding of the drivers involved. The results reveal a strong contribution by the present-day level of global warming and provide an outlook to similar events in a possible future climate.</p>

Evaluation of global warming impacts for different levels of stabilization as a step toward determination of the long-term stabilization target

2009 ◽  
Vol 98 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 87-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayami Hayashi ◽  
Keigo Akimoto ◽  
Fuminori Sano ◽  
Shunsuke Mori ◽  
Toshimasa Tomoda
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Different Levels

scholarly journals Changes in crop yields and their variability at different levels of global warming

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Ostberg ◽  
Jacob Schewe ◽  
Katelin Childers ◽  
Katja Frieler
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Crop Model ◽  
Global Mean Temperature ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Global Mean

Abstract. An assessment of climate change impacts at different levels of global warming is crucial to inform the political discussion about mitigation targets, as well as for the economic evaluation of climate change impacts e.g. in economic models such as Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) that internally only use global mean temperature change as indicator of climate change. There is already a well-established framework for the scalability of regional temperature and precipitation changes with global mean temperature change (∆GMT). It is less clear to what extent more complex, biological or physiological impacts such as crop yield changes can also be described in terms of ∆GMT; even though such impacts may often be more directly relevant for human livelihoods than changes in the physical climate. Here we show that crop yield projections can indeed be described in terms of ∆GMT to a large extent, allowing for a fast interpolation of crop yield changes to emission scenarios not originally covered by climate and crop model projections. We use an ensemble of global gridded crop model simulations for the four major staple crops to show that the scenario dependence is a minor component of the overall variance of projected yield changes at different levels of ∆GMT. In contrast, the variance is dominated by the spread across crop models. Varying CO2 concentrations are shown to explain only a minor component of the remaining crop yield variability at different levels of global warming. In addition, we show that the variability of crop yields is expected to increase with increasing warming in many world regions. We provide, for each crop model and climate model, patterns of mean yield changes that allow for a simplified description of yield changes under arbitrary pathways of global mean temperature and CO2 changes, without the need for additional climate and crop model simulations.

scholarly journals Mechanism and Consequences of The Impaired Hif-1α Response to Hypoxia in Human Proximal Tubular HK-2 Cells Exposed to High Glucose

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Coral García-Pastor ◽  
Selma Benito-Martínez ◽  
Victoria Moreno-Manzano ◽  
Ana B. Fernández-Martínez ◽  
Francisco Javier Lucio-Cazaña
Keyword(s):  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Proximal Tubular Cells ◽  
Tubular Cells ◽  
Proximal Tubular ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Renal hypoxia and loss of proximal tubular cells (PTC) are relevant in diabetic nephropathy. Hypoxia inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) degradation, which leads to cellular adaptive responses through HIF-1-dependent activation of gene hypoxia-responsive elements (HRE). However, the diabetic microenvironment represses the HIF-1/HRE response in PTC. Here we studied the mechanism and consequences of impaired HIF-1α regulation in human proximal tubular HK-2 cells incubated in hyperglycemia. Inhibition at different levels of the canonical pathway of HIF-1α degradation did not activate the HIF-1/HRE response under hyperglycemia, except when proteasome was inhibited. Further studies suggested that hyperglycemia disrupts the interaction of HIF-1α with Hsp90, a known cause of proteasomal degradation of HIF-1α. Impaired HIF-1α regulation in cells exposed to hyperglycemic, hypoxic diabetic-like milieu led to diminished production of vascular endothelial growth factor-A and inhibition of cell migration (responses respectively involved in tubular protection and repair). These effects, as well as impaired HIF-1α regulation, were reproduced in normoglycemia in HK-2 cells incubated with microparticles released by HK-2 cells exposed to diabetic-like milieu. In summary, these results highlight the role of proteasome-dependent mechanisms of HIF-1α degradation on diabetes-induced HK-2 cells dysfunction and suggest that cell-derived microparticles may mediate negative effects of the diabetic milieu on PTC.

scholarly journals Changes in crop yields and their variability at different levels of global warming

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Ostberg ◽  
Jacob Schewe ◽  
Katelin Childers ◽  
Katja Frieler
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Crop Model ◽  
Global Mean Temperature ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract. An assessment of climate change impacts at different levels of global warming is crucial to inform the policy discussion about mitigation targets, as well as for the economic evaluation of climate change impacts. Integrated assessment models often use global mean temperature change (ΔGMT) as a sole measure of climate change and, therefore, need to describe impacts as a function of ΔGMT. There is already a well-established framework for the scalability of regional temperature and precipitation changes with ΔGMT. It is less clear to what extent more complex biological or physiological impacts such as crop yield changes can also be described in terms of ΔGMT, even though such impacts may often be more directly relevant for human livelihoods than changes in the physical climate. Here we show that crop yield projections can indeed be described in terms of ΔGMT to a large extent, allowing for a fast estimation of crop yield changes for emissions scenarios not originally covered by climate and crop model projections. We use an ensemble of global gridded crop model simulations for the four major staple crops to show that the scenario dependence is a minor component of the overall variance of projected yield changes at different levels of ΔGMT. In contrast, the variance is dominated by the spread across crop models. Varying CO2 concentrations are shown to explain only a minor component of crop yield variability at different levels of global warming. In addition, we find that the variability in crop yields is expected to increase with increasing warming in many world regions. We provide, for each crop model, geographical patterns of mean yield changes that allow for a simplified description of yield changes under arbitrary pathways of global mean temperature and CO2 changes, without the need for additional climate and crop model simulations.

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