Vestured pits and scalariform perforation plate morphology modify the relationships between angiosperm vessel diameter, climate and maximum plant height

2018 ◽  
Vol 221 (4) ◽  
pp. 1802-1813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana S. Medeiros ◽  
Frederic Lens ◽  
Hafiz Maherali ◽  
Steven Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Plate Morphology ◽  
Vestured Pits

Stem anatomy of Apioideae (Apiaceae): effects of habit and reproductive strategy

IAWA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Kamil E. Frankiewicz ◽  
Alexei A. Oskolski ◽  
Jean-Pierre Reduron ◽  
Łukasz Banasiak ◽  
Jorge-Alfredo Reyes-Betancort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Strategy ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Plate Type

Abstract Apioideae is the biggest and the most diverse of four subfamilies recognised within Apiaceae. Except for a few, likely derived, woody clades, most representatives of this subfamily are herbaceous. In the present study, we assessed stem anatomy of 87, mostly therophytic and hemicryptophytic, species from at least 20 distinct lineages of Apioideae, and juxtaposed them with 67 species from our previous anatomical projects also focused on this subfamily. Comparing our data with the literature, we found that wood anatomy does not allow for a distinction between apioids and their close relatives (Azorelloideae, Saniculoideae), but more distantly related Mackinlayoideae differ from Apioideae in their perforation plate type. Vessel element and fibre length, and vessel diameter were positively correlated with plant height: phenomena already reported in literature. Similar pattern was retrieved for vertical intervessel pit diameter. Wood ground tissue in apioids ranges from entirely fibrous to parenchymatous. The shortening of internodes seems to favour the formation of parenchymatic ground tissue, whereas the early shift to flowering promotes the deposition of fibrous wood in monocarpic species. These results support a hypothesis on interdependence among internode length, reproductive strategy, and wood ground tissue type.

scholarly journals Comparative wood anatomy of Atraphaxis taxa in Turkey

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 835-845
Author(s):  
Funda Erşen Bak ◽  
Derya Cesur
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Natural Distribution ◽  
Vessel Wall Thickness ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Comparative Wood Anatomy ◽  
Vestured Pits ◽  
Standard Techniques

The wood anatomy of four Atraphaxis taxa that have natural distribution in Turkey—Atraphaxis billardieri Jaub. & Spach, Atraphaxis billardieri subsp. tournefortii (Jaup. & Spach) Lovelius, Atraphaxis spinosa L., and endemic Atraphaxis grandiflora (Willd.)—were compared in this study. The wood samples were sectioned according to standard techniques. Samples were macerated with Schultze’s method. Tangential and radial vessel diameters, intervessel pit diameters, vessel wall thickness, vessel elements length, dimensions of libriform fibres (lengths, widths, cell wall thickness and, lumen diameter), and uniseriate and biseriate ray heights were measured, and the number of vessels per mm2, number of rays per mm, and number of vessels per group were counted. The qualitative features such as growth rings, vessel grouping, presence of helical thickening and storied structure, vestured pits, type of perforation plate, and arrangement of axial parenchyma were determined. These four species of Atraphaxis shrubs differ in some wood characteristics such as growth rings, vessel grouping, vestured pits, height and density of rays, number of vessels per mm2, and the dimensions of the vessel.

Wood Anatomy of the Predominantly African Representatives of the Tribe Psychotrieae (Rubiaceae-Rubioideae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Jansen ◽  
Elmar Robbrecht ◽  
Hans Beeckman ◽  
Erik Smets
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Anatomical Variation ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fruit Morphology ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Generic Delimitation ◽  
Variation Patterns ◽  
Perforation Plates

Wood samples of representatives of Chassalia, Chazaliella, Gaertnera, Hymenocoleus, Pagamea and Psychotria are examined. The generic delimitation of these predominantly African Psychotrieae, which is mainly based on fruit morphology, is compared with wood anatomical variation patterns. Part of the variation observed is related to habit, e. g. wide vessels in the tree species Psychotria dermatophylla. Other features do have systematic significance, as shown by a cluster analysis of the data obtained. The genus pair Gaertnera/Pagamea differs obviously from the other genera and is wood anatomically clearly distinguished by the presence of fibre-tracheids and parenchyma bands. Chassalia, Chazaliella, Hymenocoleus and Psychotria have rather similar wood structure, although variation in vessel diameter, vessel arrangement, ray composition and axial parenchyma occurs. Several uncommon features are recorded: the presence of few to numerous openings in one oblique perforation plate, irregular reticulate perforation plates and multiple vessel-ray perforations with marked irregularity.

Ecological Wood Anatomy of the Woody Southern Californian Flora

IAWA Journal ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherwin Carlquist ◽  
David A. Hoekman
Keyword(s):  
Southern California ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Desert Shrubs ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Perforation Plates

Wood of 207 species, representing all 178 woody genera of the Munz flora of southern California, was studied by means of sections and macerations. Data were gathered on features relating to the conducting system: number of vessels per mm2, diameter of vessels, length of vessel elements, number of bars per perforation plate, presence of true tracheids, vasicentric tracheids, vascular tracheids, helical sculpture, and growth rings. The occurrence of these features is analysed both with respect to each other and to ecological groupings and habit groupings. Statistically significant data permit ecological groupings to demonstrate degree of xeromorphy in wood features. Xeromorphy is indicated by more numerous vessels per mm2, narrow vessels, shorter vessel elements, presence of vasicentric tracheids or vascular tracheids, presence of helical sculpture on vessel walls, and presence of well-marked growth rings (growth rings are common in moist habitats because in southern California these are also montane and therefore cold in winter). All of these appear to have developed in many phylads independently. Vessel element length appears to change less rapidly, at least in some phylads (those with true tracheids) than the other features. Presence of scalariform perforation plates and of true tracheids is interpreted as relictual; scalariform plates occur virtually only in mesic habitats and in a small number of species. True tracheids, although relictual in nature, have been preferentially preserved because of the value of their enormous safety. Groups without true tracheids have evolved vasicentric tracheids or vascular tracheids (the three types are mutually exclusive) to a high degree. By deducting the species with true and vascular tracheids, one finds that 100% of the alpine shrubs, 77% of the desert shrubs, and 75% of the chaparral shrubs which could possibly have evolved vasicentric tracheids actually have them. These are the three ecological groupings which have vasicentric tracheids not only in southern California, but other areas of the world as well. Tracheid presence (and to a lesser extent vasicentric tracheid presence) forestalls vessel grouping, but in tracheid-free groups vessel grouping is a highly adaptive strategy for xeromorphy. One can rank xeromorphic connotation of qualitative features on the basis of data herein: growth rings are the most common numerically, followed by helical sculpture, vasicentric tracheids, and vascular tracheids. Vasicentric tracheids, like true tracheids, tend to occur in evergreen shrubs whereas vascular tracheids tend to be related to drought-deciduous shrubs. Among quantifiable features, number of vessels per mm2 changes more rapidly than vessel diameter. Scalariform perforation plates, true tracheid presence, and long vessel elements are associated with each other statistically . By entering number of woody species for each genus in the flora and performing appropriate computations, a figure for each feature is projected on the basis of the 512 woody species of southern California. This pro-rated figure shows that phylads with any of the mechanisms cited as signifying xeromorphy speciate much more rapidly than do the phylads with mesomorphic wood features.

Effect of pomegranate fruit supplementation on performance and various markers in athletes and active subjects: a systematic review

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Alicja Urbaniak ◽  
Anna Skarpańska-Stejnborn
Keyword(s):  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Body Strength ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Pomegranate Fruit

Abstract. The aim of the study was to review recent findings on the use of POM supplements in athletes of various disciplines and physically active participants. Eleven articles published between 2010 and 2018 were included, where the total number of investigated subjects was 176. Male participants constituted the majority of the group (n = 155), as compared to females (n = 21). 45% of research described was conducted on athletes, whereas the remaining studies were based on highly active participants. Randomised, crossover, double-blind study designs constituted the majority of the experimental designs used. POM supplementation varied in terms of form (pills/juice), dosage (50 ml–500 ml) and time of intervention (7 days–2 months) between studies. Among the reviewed articles, POM supplementation had an effect on the improvement of the following: whole body strength; feeling of vitality; acute and delayed muscle fatigue and soreness; increase in vessel diameter; blood flow and serum level of TAC; reduction in the rate of increase for HR, SBP, CK and LDH; support in the recovery of post-training CK, LDH, CRP and ASAT to their baseline levels; reduction of MMP2, MMP9, hsCRP and MDA; and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase). In the majority of reviewed articles POM supplementation had a positive effect on a variety of parameters studied and the authors recommended it as a supplement for athletes and physically active bodies.

STUDY OF EFFECT OF EMS, MMS AND GR ON YIELD CONTRIBUTING TRAITS IN URDBEAN, VIGNA MUNGO

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. SAGADE
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Methane Sulphonate ◽  
Pod Length ◽  
100 Seed Weight ◽  
Number Of Seeds

The study of the effect of three well known mutagens, ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), methyl methane sulphonate (MMS) and gamma rays (GR) on the yield contributing traits of the urdbean variety TPU-4 were carried out in the M3 generation. Effect of selected mutagenic treatments/doses of EMS (0.02, 0.03 and 0.04 M), MMS (0.0025, 0.05 and 0.01 M) and (GR) (30, 40 and 50 KR) on different yield contributing traits like plant height, plant spread, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant and 100 seed weight were analyzed in the M3 populations of the variety TPU-4. Seeds of M2 plants and control were harvested separately and sown to raise M3 population.. Genetic variabilty in the mutagen administered M3 progeny of the urdbean variety TPU-4 was analyzed by employing statistical methods. Data on mean values and shift in the mean of seven quantitative traits was evaluated on individual plant basis. The experimental findings revealed that concentrations / dose of the all these mutagens showed inhibitory effect on plant height, number of pods per plant, pod length and number of seeds per pod. Lower concentrations of mutagens exerted a promotory effect on plant spread, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant while higher concentrations of these mutagens inhibited them to different extent.

Effect of Spraying Foliar with Humus and Izomen Biostimulants on Some Vegetative and Flowering Parameters of Freesia hybrida L.

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-246
Author(s):  
Neveen Anwer Abdalla
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Landscape Design ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Flowering Date ◽  
Freesia Hybrida ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
The University

The experiment has been conducted in the nursery of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture, the University of Basrah to study the effect of Spraying foliar of the biostimulants Izomen and Humus on the growth and flowering of Freesia plants. The corms in similar size were planted in pots with a diameter and height of 25 cm, which filled with 2.5 kg of sterilized loam soil. After 50 days of planting, the plants sprayed with Humus at 0, 1.5, 2.5 ml L-1 and after five days sprayed with Izomen at 0, 1.5, 2.5 ml L-1 The different concentrations of biostimulants are sprayed three times, the period between one spray and another 15 is days. The results showed that the spraying of Humus at 2.5 ml L-1 significantly increased the plant height, the number of leaves and the leaf content of chlorophyll recorded (29.56 cm, 8.33 and 58.43%) respectively. Moreover, it is recorded early the flowering date (130 days), and the highest flowering mean is (2.12 inflorescence/plant) and the highest period of the remained flowers on the plant and the vase life (10 and 8 days) respectively. The effects of both Humus and Izomen were similar. In addition to the highest mean of their interaction at 2.5 ml L -1for all the studied traits.

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