scholarly journals The BIG protein distinguishes the process of CO2 -induced stomatal closure from the inhibition of stomatal opening by CO2

2018 ◽  
Vol 218 (1) ◽  
pp. 232-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing He ◽  
Ruo-Xi Zhang ◽  
Kai Peng ◽  
Cecilia Tagliavia ◽  
Siwen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Stomatal Opening

scholarly journals Protease Inhibitor-Dependent Inhibition of Light-Induced Stomatal Opening

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tenghua Wang ◽  
Wenxiu Ye ◽  
Yin Wang ◽  
Maoxing Zhang ◽  
Yusuke Aihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽  
Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 ◽  
Aba Signaling ◽  
Bioinformatics Analyses ◽  
Chemical Screening

Stomata in the epidermis of plants play essential roles in the regulation of photosynthesis and transpiration. Stomata open in response to blue light (BL) by phosphorylation-dependent activation of the plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase in guard cells. Under water stress, the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) promotes stomatal closure via the ABA-signaling pathway to reduce water loss. We established a chemical screening method to identify compounds that affect stomatal movements in Commelina benghalensis. We performed chemical screening using a protease inhibitor (PI) library of 130 inhibitors to identify inhibitors of stomatal movement. We discovered 17 PIs that inhibited light-induced stomatal opening by more than 50%. Further analysis of the top three inhibitors (PI1, PI2, and PI3; inhibitors of ubiquitin-specific protease 1, membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase, and matrix metalloproteinase-2, respectively) revealed that these inhibitors suppressed BL-induced phosphorylation of the PM H+-ATPase but had no effect on the activity of phototropins or ABA-dependent responses. The results suggest that these PIs suppress BL-induced stomatal opening at least in part by inhibiting PM H+-ATPase activity but not the ABA-signaling pathway. The targets of PI1, PI2, and PI3 were predicted by bioinformatics analyses, which provided insight into factors involved in BL-induced stomatal opening.

scholarly journals Effect of Water Stress during Grain Filling on Yield, Quality and Physiological Traits of Illpa and Rainbow Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Cultivars

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angie L. Gámez ◽  
David Soba ◽  
Ángel M. Zamarreño ◽  
José M. García-Mina ◽  
Iker Aranjuelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Yield And Quality

The total area under quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivation and the consumption of its grain have increased in recent years because of its nutritional properties and ability to grow under adverse conditions, such as drought. Climate change scenarios predict extended periods of drought and this has emphasized the need for new crops that are tolerant to these conditions. The main goal of this work was to evaluate crop yield and quality parameters and to characterize the physiology of two varieties of quinoa grown under water deficit in greenhouse conditions. Two varieties of quinoa from the Chilean coast (Rainbow) and altiplano (Illpa) were used, grown under full irrigation or two different levels of water deficit applied during the grain filling period. There were no marked differences in yield and quality parameters between treatments, but the root biomass was higher in plants grown under severe water deficit conditions compared to control. Photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance decreased with increased water stress in both cultivars, but the coastal variety showed higher water use efficiency and less discrimination of 13C under water deficit. This response was associated with greater root development and a better stomatal opening adjustment, especially in the case of Rainbow. The capacity of Rainbow to increase its osmoregulant content (compounds such as proline, glutamine, glutamate, K and Na) could enable a potential osmotic adjustment in this variety. Moreover, the lower stomatal opening and transpiration rates were also associated with higher leaf ABA concentration values detected in Rainbow. We found negative logarithmic relationships between stomatal conductance and leaf ABA concentration in both varieties, with significant R2 values of 0.50 and 0.22 in Rainbow and Illpa, respectively. These moderate-to-medium values suggest that, in addition to ABA signaling, other causes for stomatal closure in quinoa under drought such as hydraulic regulation may play a role. In conclusion, this work showed that two quinoa cultivars use different strategies in the face of water deficit stress, and these prevent decreases in grain yield and quality under drought conditions.

scholarly journals Autophagy controls reactive oxygen species homeostasis in guard cells that is essential for stomatal opening

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (38) ◽  
pp. 19187-19192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shota Yamauchi ◽  
Shoji Mano ◽  
Kazusato Oikawa ◽  
Kazumi Hikino ◽  
Kosuke M. Teshima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Glycolate Oxidase ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Ros Accumulation ◽  
Intracellular Ros ◽  
Ros Scavenger

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as key signaling molecules to inhibit stomatal opening and promote stomatal closure in response to diverse environmental stresses. However, how guard cells maintain basal intracellular ROS levels is not yet known. This study aimed to determine the role of autophagy in the maintenance of basal ROS levels in guard cells. We isolated the Arabidopsis autophagy-related 2 (atg2) mutant, which is impaired in stomatal opening in response to light and low CO2 concentrations. Disruption of other autophagy genes, including ATG5, ATG7, ATG10, and ATG12, also caused similar stomatal defects. The atg mutants constitutively accumulated high levels of ROS in guard cells, and antioxidants such as ascorbate and glutathione rescued ROS accumulation and stomatal opening. Furthermore, the atg mutations increased the number and aggregation of peroxisomes in guard cells, and these peroxisomes exhibited reduced activity of the ROS scavenger catalase and elevated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as visualized using the peroxisome-targeted H2O2 sensor HyPer. Moreover, such ROS accumulation decreased by the application of 2-hydroxy-3-butynoate, an inhibitor of peroxisomal H2O2-producing glycolate oxidase. Our results showed that autophagy controls guard cell ROS homeostasis by eliminating oxidized peroxisomes, thereby allowing stomatal opening.

scholarly journals Inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening by allyl isothiocyanate does not require guard cell cytosolic Ca2+ signaling

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 2922-2932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxiu Ye ◽  
Eigo Ando ◽  
Mohammad Saidur Rhaman ◽  
Md Tahjib-Ul-Arif ◽  
Eiji Okuma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Cation Channels ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract The glucosinolate–myrosinase system is a well-known defense system that has been shown to induce stomatal closure in Brassicales. Isothiocyanates are highly reactive hydrolysates of glucosinolates, and an isothiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), induces stomatal closure accompanied by elevation of free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) in Arabidopsis. It remains unknown whether AITC inhibits light-induced stomatal opening. This study investigated the role of Ca2+ in AITC-induced stomatal closure and inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening. AITC induced stomatal closure and inhibited light-induced stomatal opening in a dose-dependent manner. A Ca2+ channel inhibitor, La3+, a Ca2+chelator, EGTA, and an inhibitor of Ca2+ release from internal stores, nicotinamide, inhibited AITC-induced [Ca2+]cyt elevation and stomatal closure, but did not affect inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening. AITC activated non-selective Ca2+-permeable cation channels and inhibited inward-rectifying K+ (K+in) channels in a Ca2+-independent manner. AITC also inhibited stomatal opening induced by fusicoccin, a plasma membrane H+-ATPase activator, but had no significant effect on fusicoccin-induced phosphorylation of the penultimate threonine of H+-ATPase. Taken together, these results suggest that AITC induces Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release to elevate [Ca2+]cyt, which is essential for AITC-induced stomatal closure but not for inhibition of K+in channels and light-induced stomatal opening.

Stomatal responses of five woody angiospasms to light intensity and humidity

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 1525-1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Davies ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Quercus Macrocarpa ◽  
Green Plants ◽  
Cercis Canadensis ◽  
Stomatal Responses ◽  
Opening And Closing

Stomatal responses to changes in light intensity and humidity were studied in green and chlorotic Fraxinus americana, Acer saccharum, Quercus macrocarpa, Citrus mitis, and Cercis canadensis seedlings. Stomatal closure occurred at higher light intensities in Acer than in other species. Transpiration was greater in Fraxinus and Quercus than in Citrus, Acer, or Cercis. Stomata opened faster than they closed in Fraxinus and Quercus and they closed faster than they opened in Citrus. Opening and closing rates were not significantly different from each other in Acer and Cercis. Stomata opened and closed faster in green than in chlorotic plants. In green plants, after a decrease in light intensity, species time to equilibrium of stomatal aperture was related as follows: Citrus < Acer < Quercus = Cercis < Fraxinus; and in chlorotic plants: Citrus < Acer = Quercus = Cercis < Fraxinus. After an increase in light intensity, stomatal opening time in green plants was related as follows: Citrus = Acer < Quercus < Cercis = Fraxinus. Stomatal opening in chlorotic plants was faster in Acer than in the other species, where stomata opened to equilibrium in about the same time. With changes in humidity from 20% to 80%, and the reverse, stomata of Fraxinus and Acer opened faster than they closed. Stomatal response to humidity was faster in Acer than in Fraxinus. Stomatal resistance was affected more by humidity changes at low light intensity (6500 lux) than at high intensity (32 000 lux). Postillumination CO2 bursts from leaves occurred in all species and were greater in green than in chlorotic plants. In both green and chlorotic plants, CO2 bursts varied as follows: Citrus > Quercus = Cercis > Fraxinus = Acer. Physiological responses of stomata are discussed in relation to leaf anatomy and metabolism.

Ethylene inhibits darkness-induced stomatal closure by scavenging nitric oxide in guard cells of Vicia faba

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi-Gui Song ◽  
Xiao-Ping She ◽  
Juan Wang ◽  
Yi-Chao Sun
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Enzyme Commission ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Oxide Synthase

The plant hormone ethylene regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. Despite the well-known relationship between ethylene and stress signalling, the involvement of ethylene in regulating stomatal movement is not completely explored. Here, the role and association between nitric oxide (NO) reduction and the inhibition of darkness-induced stomatal closure by ethylene was studied. Physiological data are provided that both ethylene-releasing compound 2-chloroethylene phosphonic acid (ethephon, ETH) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene, reduced the levels of NO in Vicia faba L. guard cells, and then induced stomatal opening in darkness. In addition, ACC and ETH not only reduced NO levels in guard cells caused by exogenous NO (derived from sodium nitroprusside, SNP) in light, but also abolished NO that had been generated during a dark period and promoted stomatal opening. Interestingly, 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO) and hemoglobin (Hb), NO scavenger and the potent scavenger of NO/carbon monoxide (CO), respectively, also reduced NO levels by SNP and darkness. However, the above-mentioned effects of ACC and ETH were dissimilar to that of nitric oxide synthase (enzyme commission 1.14.13.39) inhibitor NG-nitro-L-Arg-methyl ester (L-NAME), which could neither reduce NO levels by SNP nor abolish NO that had been generated in the dark. Thus, it is concluded that ethylene reduces the levels of NO in V. faba guard cells via a pattern of NO scavenging, then induces stomatal opening in the dark.

scholarly journals The AtMYB60 transcription factor regulates stomatal opening by modulating oxylipin synthesis in guard cells

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Simeoni ◽  
Aleksandra Skirycz ◽  
Laura Simoni ◽  
Giulia Castorina ◽  
Leonardo Perez de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Positive Regulator ◽  
Stomatal Regulation ◽  
Negative Modulator

AbstractStomata are epidermal pores formed by pairs of specialized guard cells, which regulate gas exchanges between the plant and the atmosphere. Modulation of transcription has emerged as an important level of regulation of stomatal activity. The AtMYB60 transcription factor was previously identified as a positive regulator of stomatal opening, although the details of its function remain unknown. Here, we propose a role for AtMYB60 as a negative modulator of oxylipins synthesis in stomata. The atmyb60-1 mutant shows reduced stomatal opening and accumulates increased levels of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (12-OPDA), jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (JA-Ile) in guard cells. We provide evidence that 12-OPDA triggers stomatal closure independently of JA and cooperatively with abscisic acid (ABA) in atmyb60-1. Our study highlights the relevance of oxylipins metabolism in stomatal regulation and indicates AtMYB60 as transcriptional integrator of ABA and oxylipins responses in guard cells.

Illuminance, stomatal opening, and photosynthesis in sorghum and cotton

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Pasternak ◽  
GL Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Environmental Adaptation ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Stomatal Aperture ◽  
Photosynthetic Response ◽  
Light Saturation ◽  
After Effects ◽  
Leaf Resistance

The relationships between illuminance, leaf resistance, and net photosynthesis were studied in sorghum. Some comparisons were made between varieties chosen on the basis of possible differing environmental adaptation, and with cotton whose photosynthetic response is known to differ from that of sorghum. The after-effects of varying periods and degrees of shading were examined for sorghum. Net photosynthesis of sorghum was not light saturated at 11,000f.c. and increases above intermediate illuminance arises almost entirely from increasing stomatal opening. At lower intensities other factors become important, but leaf resistance still exerts the major control. In contrast, leaf resistance in cotton was much lower at all illuminances, and was relatively little affected by changing illuminance. Light saturation of cotton at 5000 f.c. was associated with constant leaf resistance, while at lower intensities, declining net photosynthesis must depend mainly on factors other than stomatal closure. Variation between four sorghum varieties in response to illumination was attributed solely to differences in leaf resistance. Stomata opened slowly after shading at below 3000 f.c., and at a rate independent of the duration of shading. Shading in the afternoon had greater and more persistent effects. Net photosynthesis was affected according to stomatal aperture.

Confirmation of mesophyll signals controlling stomatal responses by a newly devised transplanting method

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Fujita ◽  
Ko Noguchi ◽  
Hiroshi Ozaki ◽  
Ichiro Terashima
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Stomatal Responses ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Stomatal Guard Cells ◽  
Molecular Sizes ◽  
Dialysis Membranes ◽  
Ambient Co2

There are opposing views on whether the responses of stomata to environmental stimuli are all autonomous reactions of stomatal guard cells or whether mesophyll is involved in these responses. Transplanting isolated epidermis onto mesophyll is a potent methodology for examining the roles of mesophyll-derived signals in stomatal responses. Here we report on development of a new transplanting method. Leaf segments of Commelina communis L. were pretreated in the light or dark at 10, 39 or 70Pa ambient CO2 for 1h. Then the abaxial epidermises were removed and the epidermal strips prepared from the other leaves kept in the dark at 39Pa CO2, were transplanted onto the mesophyll. After illumination of the transplants for 1h at 39Pa CO2, stomatal apertures were measured. We also examined the molecular sizes of the mesophyll signals by inserting the dialysis membrane permeable to molecules smaller than 100–500Da or 500–1000Da between the epidermis and mesophyll. Mesophyll pretreatments in the light at low CO2 partial pressures accelerated stomatal opening in the transplanted epidermal strips, whereas pretreatments at 70Pa CO2 suppressed stomatal opening. Insertion of these dialysis membranes did not suppress stomatal opening significantly at 10Pa CO2 in the light, whereas insertion of the 100–500Da membrane decelerated stomatal closure at high CO2. It is probable that the mesophyll signals inducing stomatal opening at low CO2 in the light would permeate both membranes, and that those inducing stomatal closure at high CO2 would not permeate the 100–500Da membrane. Possible signal compounds are discussed.

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