To open or to close: species-specific stomatal responses to simultaneously applied opposing environmental factors

2014 ◽  
Vol 202 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebe Merilo ◽  
Indrek Jõesaar ◽  
Mikael Brosché ◽  
Hannes Kollist
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Stomatal Responses ◽  
Species Specific

scholarly journals Longitudinal zonation of larval Hydropsyche (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae): abiotic environmental factors and biotic interactions behind the downstream sequence of Central European species

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márk Ficsór ◽  
Zoltán Csabai
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Longitudinal Distribution ◽  
Central European ◽  
European Species ◽  
Longitudinal Gradients ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Behavioural Aspects ◽  
Abiotic Environmental Factors

AbstractThe aim of this review is to summarize the literature knowledge about how abiotic environmental factors and biotic interactions affect the sequentially overlapping longitudinal distribution of Central European species of the net-spinning freshwater caddisfly larvae of the genus Hydropsyche (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). In this relation, several physical and chemical parameters of water are discussed, as well as different species-specific traits, behavioural aspects and the interaction of coexisting species. Longitudinal gradients of river networks, especially annual temperature range, flow velocity and the particle size of suspended food material play a crucial role in forming the downstream succession of characteristic species, while increased levels of organic pollution, nutrients, salinity and heavy metals facilitates the presence of more tolerant ones. Several species-specific traits, such as respiration range, net-building frequency, head capsule size or optimal net-building velocity correlate with the position of a given species in the sequence. Coexistence of species with similar ecological demands in the overlapping zones of distribution is facilitated by differences in feeding and net-building habits, microhabitat preferences and staggering life cycles, but complicated at the same time by means of inter- and intraspecific territorial behaviour, such as fighting for the ownership of larval retreats or the practice of stridulation.

scholarly journals Metagenomic Shotgun Analyses Reveal Complex Patterns of Intra- and Interspecific Variation in the Intestinal Microbiomes of Codfishes

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Even Sannes Riiser ◽  
Thomas H. A. Haverkamp ◽  
Srinidhi Varadharajan ◽  
Ørnulf Borgan ◽  
Kjetill S. Jakobsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Shotgun Sequencing ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Species Specific

ABSTRACT The relative importance of host-specific selection or environmental factors in determining the composition of the intestinal microbiome in wild vertebrates remains poorly understood. Here, we used metagenomic shotgun sequencing of individual specimens to compare the levels of intra- and interspecific variation of intestinal microbiome communities in two ecotypes (NEAC and NCC) of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) that have distinct behavior and habitats and three Gadidae species that occupy a range of ecological niches. Interestingly, we found significantly diverged microbiomes among the two Atlantic cod ecotypes. Interspecific patterns of variation are more variable, with significantly diverged communities for most species’ comparisons, apart from the comparison between coastal cod (NCC) and Norway pout (Trisopterus esmarkii), whose community compositions are not significantly diverged. The absence of consistent species-specific microbiomes suggests that external environmental factors, such as temperature, diet, or a combination thereof, comprise major drivers of the intestinal community composition of codfishes. IMPORTANCE The composition of the intestinal microbial community associated with teleost fish is influenced by a diversity of factors, ranging from internal factors (such as host-specific selection) to external factors (such as niche occupation). These factors are often difficult to separate, as differences in niche occupation (e.g., diet, temperature, or salinity) may correlate with distinct evolutionary trajectories. Here, we investigate four gadoid species with contrasting levels of evolutionary separation and niche occupation. Using metagenomic shotgun sequencing, we observed distinct microbiomes among two Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) ecotypes (NEAC and NCC) with distinct behavior and habitats. In contrast, interspecific patterns of variation were more variable. For instance, we did not observe interspecific differentiation between the microbiomes of coastal cod (NCC) and Norway pout (Trisopterus esmarkii), whose lineages underwent evolutionary separation over 20 million years ago. The observed pattern of microbiome variation in these gadoid species is therefore most parsimoniously explained by differences in niche occupation.

scholarly journals Fluctuating Asymmetry in Ground Beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and Conditions of Its Manifestation

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1475
Author(s):  
Sukhodolskaya Raisa ◽  
Saveliev Anatoliy ◽  
Mukhametnabiev Timur ◽  
Eremeeva Natalia
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
Ground Beetles ◽  
Disturbing Factor ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Landscape Features ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Vast Area

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is used to reveal environmental or genetic stress, but the results of some studies are inconsistent. We aimed to give some explanations of possible controversial conclusions, when FA was employed. We measured FA (one dimensional and one meristic traits) in the recognized bioindicators—ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Beetles were sampled in a vast area (four provinces of Russia with the spectrum of the studied sites, which differed in anthropogenic impact, vegetation, and landscape features). On the basis of such measurements (4673 specimen) we created a data base. Subsequent ANOVA showed, that FA was species-specific (out of six species investigated it was expressed in five ones), sex-biased (males had higher levels of FA), and were affected practically by all environmental factors. Besides significant species–sex and factors–sex interactions were found. So, when employing FA as an indicator of stress, overall biological and ecological variation in species-indicator must be investigated before. Sometimes FA (or its absence) may not be due to pollution or another disturbing factor, but be the result of the effect of unaccounted but FA determinative factors.

The morphology of Patella spp. juveniles in Britain, and some phylogenetic inferences

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Shell Morphology ◽  
Shell Shape ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Specific Difference ◽  
Current Opinion ◽  
Transitional Forms ◽  
Initial Difference ◽  
Species Specific

Juveniles of Patella spp. in Britain are shown to be easier to classify than adults, on shell morphology alone, because of a species-specific difference in number and arrangement of the post-larval mantle tentacles. The limpets can thus be clearly divided into three distinct spp.: P. vulgata Linn., 1758, P. aspera Roding, 1798, and P. depressa Pennant, 1777, which confirms recent evidence from gel-electrophoreric studies. As the limpet grows, this initial difference gives rise to many of the variables of shell shape and colour upon which adult identification is based. In the process, it can be influenced by environmental factors to the extent of producing confusing phenotypes such as those hitherto supposed to be hybrid or genetically transitional forms. The characters described suggest that, contrary to current opinion, P. aspera and P. depressa are related more closely to each other than to P. vulgata; they may also have some bearing on the species' success and distribution in the British Isles.

scholarly journals Metagenomic shotgun analyses reveal complex patterns of intra- and interspecific variation in the intestinal microbiomes of codfishes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Even Sannes Riiser ◽  
Thomas H.A. Haverkamp ◽  
Srinidhi Varadharajan ◽  
Ørnulf Borgan ◽  
Kjetill S. Jakobsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Shotgun Sequencing ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractThe relative importance of host-specific selection or environmental factors in determining the composition of the intestinal microbiome in wild vertebrates remains poorly understood. Here, we use metagenomic shotgun sequencing of individual specimens to compare the intra- and interspecific variation of intestinal microbiome communities in two ecotypes (NEAC and NCC) of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) – that have distinct behavior and habitats– and three Gadidae species that occupy a range of ecological niches. Interestingly, we find significantly diverged microbiomes amongst the two Atlantic cod ecotypes. Interspecific patterns of variation are more variable, with significantly diverged communities for most species’ comparisons, apart from the comparison between coastal cod (NCC) and Norway pout (Trisopterus esmarkii), whose community compositions are not significantly diverged. The absence of consistent species-specific microbiomes suggests that external environmental factors, such as temperature, diet or a combination there-off comprise major drivers of the intestinal community composition of codfishes.ImportanceThe composition of the intestinal microbial community associated with teleost fish is influenced by a diversity of factors, ranging from internal factors (such as host-specific selection) to external factors (such as niche occupation). These factors are often difficult to separate, as differences in niche occupation (e.g. diet, temperature or salinity) may correlate with distinct evolutionary trajectories. Here, we investigate four gadoid species with contrasting levels of evolutionary separation and niche occupation. Using metagenomic shotgun sequencing, we observe distinct microbiomes amongst two Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) ecotypes (NEAC and NCC) with distinct behavior and habitats. In contrast, interspecific patterns of variation are more variable. For instance, we do not observe interspecific differentiation between the microbiomes of coastal cod (NCC) and Norway pout (Trisopterus esmarkii) whose lineages have evolutionary separated over 20 million years ago. The observed pattern of microbiome variation in these gadoid species is therefore most parsimoniously explained by differences in niche occupation.

Marine Artificial Reef Research and Development: Integrating Fisheries Management Objectives

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Artificial Reef ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Artificial Reefs ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Snow Crab ◽  
Environmental Response ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Associated Species

<em>Abstract</em>.—Enhancing the environment through deployment of artificial reefs begins with determining those environmental factors that are limiting to target organisms. Properly designed artificial reefs can increase, enhance, improve, or, in some instances, interfere with those environmental factors that benefit some fishery-associated species. Consequently, it is essential that fishery managers identify the species’ specific limiting factors that are influenced by an artificial reef deployment. Subsequently, a cost–benefit analysis can be conducted to determine the feasibility of designing, constructing, and deploying artificial reefs to benefit a fishery. Here, we examine the effect of these artificial reefs deployments on the snow crab <em>Chionoecetes opilio </em>off Japan and the environmental factors with which it associates. This study was conducted to allow an analysis of the environmental response to the deployment of artificial reefs through an examination of the life history and population parameters of the snow crab.

scholarly journals Sex Determination and Differentiation in Teleost: Roles of Genetics, Environment, and Brain

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 973
Author(s):  
Preetha Rajendiran ◽  
Faizul Jaafar ◽  
Sonika Kar ◽  
Chenichery Sudhakumari ◽  
Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Complex Biological System ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Brain

The fish reproductive system is a complex biological system. Nonetheless, reproductive organ development is conserved, which starts with sex determination and then sex differentiation. The sex of a teleost is determined and differentiated from bipotential primordium by genetics, environmental factors, or both. These two processes are species-specific. There are several prominent genes and environmental factors involved during sex determination and differentiation. At the cellular level, most of the sex-determining genes suppress the female pathway. For environmental factors, there are temperature, density, hypoxia, pH, and social interaction. Once the sexual fate is determined, sex differentiation takes over the gonadal developmental process. Environmental factors involve activation and suppression of various male and female pathways depending on the sexual fate. Alongside these factors, the role of the brain during sex determination and differentiation remains elusive. Nonetheless, GnRH III knockout has promoted a male sex-biased population, which shows brain involvement during sex determination. During sex differentiation, LH and FSH might not affect the gonadal differentiation, but are required for regulating sex differentiation. This review discusses the role of prominent genes, environmental factors, and the brain in sex determination and differentiation across a few teleost species.

Stomatal responses to environmental factors

Stomata ◽  
1996 ◽  
pp. 126-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Willmer ◽  
Mark Fricker
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Stomatal Responses
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