scholarly journals Floral biology and pollination strategy of seven Tacca species (Taccaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kek Shen Chua ◽  
Art Borkent ◽  
Sin Yeng Wong
Keyword(s):  
Floral Biology ◽  
Pollination Strategy

scholarly journals Floral biology and pollination strategy of Durio (Malvaceae) in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
WIN SENG NG ◽  
JAYASILAN MOHD-AZLAN ◽  
SIN YENG WONG
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Stingless Bee ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Pollen Beetle ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Nectar Concentration ◽  
Pollination Strategy ◽  
Pollen Beetles ◽  
Malaysian Borneo

Abstract. Ng WS, Mohd-Azlan J, Wong SY. 2020. Floral biology and pollination strategy of Durio (Malvaceae) in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Biodiversitas 21: 5579-5594. This study was carried out to investigate on the flowering mechanisms of four Durio species in Sarawak. The anthesis started in the afternoon (D. graveolens and D. zibethinus), evening (D. kutejensis) or midnight (D. griffithii); and lasted between 11.5 hours (D. griffithii) to 20 hours (D. graveolens). All four Durio species are generalists. Individuals of a fruit bat (Eonycteris spelaea, Pteropodidae) are considered as the main pollinator for D. graveolens, D. kutejensis, and D. zibethinus while spiderhunter (Arachnothera, Nectariniidae) is also proposed as a primary pollinator for D. kutejensis. Five invertebrate taxa were observed as secondary or inadvertent pollinators of Durio spp.: honeybee, Apis sp. (Apidae), stingless bee, Tetrigona sp. (Apidae), nocturnal wasp, Provespa sp. (Vespidae), pollen beetle (Nitidulidae), and thrip (Thysanoptera). Honey bees and stingless bees pollinated all four Durio species. Pollen beetles were found to pollinate D. griffithii and D. graveolens while nocturnal wasps were found to pollinate D. kutejensis and D. zibethinus. Thrips were found to pollinate D. griffithii only. Floral rewards include nectar, pollen and staminodes. The nectar production of D. graveolens, D. kutejensis, and D. zibethinus increased from the start of anthesis until just after midnight but decreased from then onwards. Durio griffithii produced consistent nectar concentration with inconsistent volume. Durio graveolens, D. griffithii, and D. zibethinus are partially self-incompatible.

Orchestrated Flowering and Interspecific Facilitation: Key Factors in the Maintenance of the Main Pollinator of Coexisting Threatened Species of Andean Wax Palms (Ceroxylon spp.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-299
Author(s):  
Javier Carreño-Barrera ◽  
Luis Alberto Núñez-Avellaneda ◽  
Maria José Sanín ◽  
Artur Campos D. Maia
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Status ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Pollination Services ◽  
Flower Visiting

Solitary, dioecious, and mostly endemic to Andean cloud forests, wax palms (Ceroxylon Bonpl. ex DC. spp.) are currently under worrisome conservation status. The establishment of management plans for their dwindling populations rely on detailed biological data, including their reproductive ecology. As in the case of numerous other Neotropical palm taxa, small beetles are assumed to be selective pollinators of wax palms, but their identity and relevance in successful fruit yield were unknown. During three consecutive reproductive seasons we collected data on population phenology and reproductive and floral biology of three syntopic species of wax palms native to the Colombian Andes. We also determined the composition of the associated flower-visiting entomofauna, quantifying the extent of the role of individual species as effective pollinators through standardized value indexes that take into consideration abundance, constancy, and pollen transport efficiency. The studied populations of C. parvifrons (Engel) H. Wendl., C. ventricosum Burret, and C. vogelianum (Engel) H. Wendl. exhibit seasonal reproductive cycles with marked temporal patterns of flower and fruit production. The composition of the associated flower-visiting entomofauna, comprised by ca. 50 morphotypes, was constant across flowering seasons and differed only marginally among species. Nonetheless, a fraction of the insect species associated with pistillate inflorescences actually carried pollen, and calculated pollinator importance indexes demonstrated that one insect species alone, Mystrops rotundula Sharp, accounted for 94%–99% of the effective pollination services for all three species of wax palms. The sequential asynchronous flowering of C. parvifrons, C. ventricosum, and C. vogelianum provides an abundant and constant supply of pollen, pivotal for the maintenance of large populations of their shared pollinators, a cooperative strategy proven effective by high fruit yield rates (up to 79%). Reproductive success might be compromised for all species by the population decline of one of them, as it would tamper with the temporal orchestration of pollen offer.

Reproductive biology of Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae) 1. Floral biology

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Baskorowati ◽  
M. W. Moncur ◽  
J. C. Doran ◽  
P. J. Kanowski
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Tea Tree Oil ◽  
Melaleuca Alternifolia ◽  
Tea Tree ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Days After Anthesis ◽  
Flowering Intensity

Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel is commercially important as the source of essential oil for the Australian tea tree-oil industry. Information on reproductive biology of M. alternifolia is important to the Australian breeding program directed at improving the quality and quantity of tea tree oil. Flowering in three geographically separated sites – two planted seed orchards and one managed natural population, all in NSW – was observed in the present study, with supporting data obtained from glasshouse-grown plants in Canberra. The majority of the work was conducted from 2004 to 2007, although the study also drew on some prior observations. M. alternifolia has spikes of flowers that open acropetally over a 6-day period. No strong separation of male and female phases was found in any individual flower; pollen was shed by 1.4 days after anthesis and the stigma reached peak receptivity 3–5 days after anthesis. Dichogamy and acropetal floral development may lead to geitonogamy. Flowering occurred during the months of October–November, with the peak in November, and was synchronous across all three sites. Flowering intensity and success in producing capsules appeared to be associated with total spring rainfall. Initiation of flowering in M. alternifolia appears to be correlated with daylength, or an environmental parameter closely correlated with daylength. Flowering intensity varied considerably among the years surveyed, sites and families, and appears to be promoted by a period of winter minimum temperatures below 5°C. In M. alternifolia, the morphological development of buds, flowers and fruit leading to the development of mature seed takes place over a period 16–18 months from flowering. M. alternifolia differed significantly in the number of viable seeds per capsule from individual trees, from 26 ± 3.8 to 57 ± 3.8 germinants.

Pollination ecology of Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) in Central Brazil cerrado vegetation

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogério Gribel ◽  
John D. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Breeding System ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Cerrado Vegetation ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Glossophaga Soricina ◽  
Caryocar Brasiliense ◽  
Anoura Geoffroyi ◽  
Phyllostomus Discolor

ABSTRACTThe floral biology, breeding system and pollination of Caryocar brasiliense were studied in the cerrado vegetation of Central Brazil. The large, yellowish-cream, brush-like flowers are pollinated mainly by glossophagine bats (Glossophaga soricina and Anoura geoffroyi). Three non-glossophagine bats (Phyllostomus discolor, Vampyrops lineatus and Carollia perspicillata) and two short probosisced hawk moths (Erinyis ello and Pseudosphinx tetrio) may also act as occasional pollinators. Caryocar brasiliense is self-compatible although it sets significantly more fruits when crossed than when selfed. The natural fruit set (fruit/flower ratio) and seed set (seed/ovule ratio) are 3.1% and 1.0% respectively. Most of the fruits and seeds are formed through the action of the flower visitors, despite the fact that about 20% of the non-visited flowers receive self pollen on at least one stigma.

Updating the knowledge of the flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Chile: Illustrated catalog, extinction risk and biological notes

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4959 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-178
Author(s):  
RODRIGO M. BARAHONA-SEGOVIA ◽  
PAMELA RIERA ◽  
LAURA PAÑINAO-MONSÁLVEZ ◽  
VICENTE VALDÉS GUZMÁN ◽  
PATRICIA HENRÍQUEZ-PISKULICH
Keyword(s):  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Decomposition Of Organic Matter ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Flower Flies ◽  
Iucn Red List Criteria ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time

Syrphidae, more commonly known as flower flies, are considered one of the most important Diptera families worldwide because of their critical role in pollination, biological control and decomposition of organic matter. The study of these flies in Chile has stagnated due to a lack of local experts as well as the absence of an updated catalog of species. This study is an attempt to remedy the latter of these issues by providing an illustrated and updated catalog to the Syrphidae of Chile. Species are presented under currently accepted names, with synonyms and previous combinations listed and original references. Type localities, world and Chilean distribution by geopolitical Chilean regions, taxonomic and biological notes, a complete record of bibliographic references and extinction risk under IUCN Red List criteria are provided. This catalog recognizes 132 species of Syrphidae, belonging to four subfamilies (Eristalinae, Microdontinae, Pipizinae and Syrphinae), 13 tribes and 47 genera. A total of 46 species (34.84 %) is restricted to the geopolitical territory of Chile. Eight species are considered exotic, one is considered incertae sedis and three are based on doubtful records. Seventeen species of 10 different genera (Copestylum Macquart, 1846; Dolichogyna Macquart, 1842; Eosalpingogaster Hull, 1949b; Eupeodes Osten Sacken, 1877; Meromacrus Rondani, 1848; Palpada Macquart, 1834; Paragus Latreille, 1804; Sphiximorpha Rondani, 1850; Sterphus Philippi, 1865 and Toxomerus Macquart, 1855) are reported from Chile for the first time. A total of 44 species (33.33 %) reported from Chile are directly threatened by human activities such as agriculture, forestry, mining and/or urbanization and indirectly by climate change. The gaps found in the geographic distribution of Chilean flower fly species and what it means for its use by disciplines such as ecology, floral biology and agronomy, are discussed. In addition, the use of this illustrated catalog for biological conservation, the potential definition of priority areas and ecosystem management plans based on this group of Diptera are also discussed. 

PHENOLOGY, REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF Chresta scapigera (LESS.) Gardner (ASTERACEAE)

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. 710-721
Author(s):  
Écio Souza Diniz ◽  
◽  
Rodolfo Oliveira Costa ◽  
Larissa Areal Carvalho Müller ◽  
Jan Thiele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
The Self ◽  
Climatic Variables ◽  
Campo Rupestre ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Self Pollination

Chrestas capigera (Less.) Gardner is an important medicinal herb which, however, has been poorly studied for its biology and ecology. This study aimed to investigate its phenology, floral biology, reproductive biology (self-pollination tests), spatial distribution and correlations between phenophases and climatic data in two sites (Cerrado stricto sensu and Campo rupestre) in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. From August of 2012 to August of 2013, we monitored phenophase occurrence for 70 individuals: emission of new leaves, flowering, production of immature fruits, and mature fruits. Floral anthesis occurred during daytime and remained all day until fruit formation. Peak leaf emergence was observed in April, correlating with minimum monthly temperature and mean monthly precipitation. Flowering and green fruit peaked in May and June, respectively, and correlated negatively with all climatic variables. Mature fruits peaked in June, but did not correlate significantly with any of the climatic variables. However, no difference was found between the two sites regarding the timing of phenophases. The spatial distribution pattern of individuals within sites was random. The self-pollination tests showed that the individuals pollinated and fertilized themselves. Our findings allow us to conclude that the phenology of C. scapigera has pronounced phenological seasonality with reproductive peak activities in the drier and colder season, which is congruent with the self-pollination and anemochoric dispersion strategy.

scholarly journals Benefits of Entomophile Pollination in Crops of Brassica napus and Aspects of Plant Floral Biology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerson D. Chambó ◽  
Simone C. Camargo ◽  
Regina C. Garcia ◽  
Carlos A.L. Carvalho ◽  
Maria Claudia C. Ruvolo-Takasusuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Floral Biology
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