scholarly journals Extracellular vesicles: Their functions in plant–pathogen interactions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingfeng Zhou ◽  
Kang Ma ◽  
Huanhuan Hu ◽  
Xiaolong Xing ◽  
Xuan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

scholarly journals mRNA Inventory of Extracellular Vesicles from Ustilago maydis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 562
Author(s):  
Seomun Kwon ◽  
Oliver Rupp ◽  
Andreas Brachmann ◽  
Christopher Frederik Blum ◽  
Anton Kraege ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Ustilago Maydis ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Delivery Mechanism ◽  
Initial Survey ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Maize Smut

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can transfer diverse RNA cargo for intercellular communication. EV-associated RNAs have been found in diverse fungi and were proposed to be relevant for pathogenesis in animal hosts. In plant-pathogen interactions, small RNAs are exchanged in a cross-kingdom RNAi warfare and EVs were considered to be a delivery mechanism. To extend the search for EV-associated molecules involved in plant-pathogen communication, we have characterised the repertoire of EV-associated mRNAs secreted by the maize smut pathogen, Ustilago maydis. For this initial survey, we examined EV-enriched fractions from axenic filamentous cultures that mimic infectious hyphae. EV-associated RNAs were resistant to degradation by RNases and the presence of intact mRNAs was evident. The set of mRNAs enriched inside EVs relative to the fungal cells are functionally distinct from those that are depleted from EVs. mRNAs encoding metabolic enzymes are particularly enriched. Intriguingly, mRNAs of some known effectors and other proteins linked to virulence were also found in EVs. Furthermore, several mRNAs enriched in EVs are also upregulated during infection, suggesting that EV-associated mRNAs may participate in plant-pathogen interactions.

scholarly journals Small RNA trafficking at the forefront of plant–pathogen interactions

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Xiangxiu Liang ◽  
Jian-Min Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Lytic Enzymes ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Plants and pathogenic microbes are engaged in constant attacks and counterattacks at the interface of the interacting organisms. Much of the molecular warfare involves cross-kingdom trafficking of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites that act as toxins, inhibitors, lytic enzymes, and signaling molecules. How various molecules are transported across the boundaries of plants and pathogens has remained largely unknown until now. Extracellular vesicles have emerged as likely carriers of molecular ammunition for both plants and pathogens. Recent advances are beginning to show how extracellular vesicles serve as powerful vehicles that transfer small RNAs from plants to fungal cells to diminish pathogen virulence and from fungi to plant cells to dampen host immunity.

scholarly journals mRNA inventory of extracellular vesicles from Ustilago maydis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seomun Kwon ◽  
Oliver Rupp ◽  
Andreas Brachmann ◽  
Alexander Goesmann ◽  
Michael Feldbrügge
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Ustilago Maydis ◽  
Metabolic Enzyme ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Intercellular Signalling ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Initial Survey ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Maize Smut

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can transfer diverse RNA cargo for intercellular signalling. EV-associated RNAs have been found in diverse fungi and were proposed to be relevant for pathogenesis in animal hosts. In plant-pathogen interactions, small RNAs are exchanged in a cross-kingdom RNAi warfare and EVs were considered to be a delivery mechanism. To extend the search for EV-associated molecules involved in plants-pathogen communication, we have characterised the repertoire of EV-associated mRNAs secreted by the maize smut pathogen, Ustilago maydis. For this initial survey, EVs were isolated from axenic filamentous cultures that mimic infectious hyphae. The EV-associated RNAs were resistant to degradation by RNases and the presence of intact mRNAs was evident. The set of mRNAs enriched inside EVs relative to the fungal cells are functionally distinct from those that are depleted from EVs, particularly overrepresented in metabolic enzyme activities. Intriguingly, mRNAs of some known effectors and other proteins linked to virulence were found in EVs. Furthermore, several mRNAs enriched in EVs are also upregulated during infection, suggesting that EV-associated mRNAs may participate in plant-pathogen interaction.

scholarly journals Plant SWEETs: from sugar transport to plant–pathogen interaction and more unexpected physiological roles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Breia ◽  
Artur Conde ◽  
Hélder Badim ◽  
Ana Margarida Fortes ◽  
Hernâni Gerós ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Sugar Transport ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Phloem Loading ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Pythium Irregulare ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Opposite Behavior ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Abstract Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) have important roles in numerous physiological mechanisms where sugar efflux is critical, including phloem loading, nectar secretion, seed nutrient filling, among other less expected functions. They mediate low affinity and high capacity transport, and in angiosperms this family is composed by 20 paralogs on average. As SWEETs facilitate the efflux of sugars, they are highly susceptible to hijacking by pathogens, making them central players in plant–pathogen interaction. For instance, several species from the Xanthomonas genus are able to upregulate the transcription of SWEET transporters in rice (Oryza sativa), upon the secretion of transcription-activator-like effectors. Other pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea or Erysiphe necator, are also capable of increasing SWEET expression. However, the opposite behavior has been observed in some cases, as overexpression of the tonoplast AtSWEET2 during Pythium irregulare infection restricted sugar availability to the pathogen, rendering plants more resistant. Therefore, a clear-cut role for SWEET transporters during plant–pathogen interactions has so far been difficult to define, as the metabolic signatures and their regulatory nodes, which decide the susceptibility or resistance responses, remain poorly understood. This fuels the still ongoing scientific question: what roles can SWEETs play during plant–pathogen interaction? Likewise, the roles of SWEET transporters in response to abiotic stresses are little understood. Here, in addition to their relevance in biotic stress, we also provide a small glimpse of SWEETs importance during plant abiotic stress, and briefly debate their importance in the particular case of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) due to its socioeconomic impact.

scholarly journals Visualising the ionome in resistant and susceptible plant‐pathogen interactions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Brouwer ◽  
P. Lindqvist‐Reis ◽  
D. Pergament Persson ◽  
S. Marttila ◽  
L.J. Grenville‐Briggs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Susceptible Plant ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Advances in functional proteomics to study plant-pathogen interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 102061
Author(s):  
James M. Elmore ◽  
Brianna D. Griffin ◽  
Justin W. Walley
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Functional Proteomics ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions
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