scholarly journals Beyond the landscape: Resistance modelling infers physical and behavioural gene flow barriers to a mobile carnivore across a metropolitan area

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia E. Kimmig ◽  
Joscha Beninde ◽  
Miriam Brandt ◽  
Anna Schleimer ◽  
Stephanie Kramer‐Schadt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Landscape Resistance

scholarly journals Using simulations to evaluate Mantel‐based methods for assessing landscape resistance to gene flow

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 4115-4128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Zeller ◽  
Tyler G. Creech ◽  
Katie L. Millette ◽  
Rachel S. Crowhurst ◽  
Robert A. Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Landscape Resistance

scholarly journals Simulating Pattern-Process Relationships to Validate Landscape Genetic Models

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Shirk ◽  
S. A. Cushman ◽  
E. L. Landguth
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Genetic Isolation ◽  
Landscape Resistance ◽  
Oreamnos Americanus ◽  
Landscape Models ◽  
Genetic Pattern ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Landscape Genetic

Landscapes may resist gene flow and thereby give rise to a pattern of genetic isolation within a population. The mechanism by which a landscape resists gene flow can be inferred by evaluating the relationship between landscape models and an observed pattern of genetic isolation. This approach risks false inferences because researchers can never feasibly test all plausible alternative hypotheses. In this paper, rather than infer the process of gene flow from an observed genetic pattern, we simulate gene flow and determine if the simulated genetic pattern is related to the observed empirical genetic pattern. This is a form of inverse modeling and can be used to independently validate a landscape genetic model. In this study, we used this approach to validate a model of landscape resistance based on elevation, landcover, and roads that was previously related to genetic isolation among mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) inhabiting the Cascade Range, Washington (USA). The strong relationship between the empirical and simulated patterns of genetic isolation we observed provides independent validation of the resistance model and demonstrates the utility of this approach in supporting landscape genetic inferences.

scholarly journals Sex-biased dispersal and spatial heterogeneity affect landscape resistance to gene flow in fisher

Ecosphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. e01839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jody M. Tucker ◽  
Fred W. Allendorf ◽  
Richard L. Truex ◽  
Michael K. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Landscape Resistance

Landscape resistance and American marten gene flow

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin L. Koen ◽  
Jeff Bowman ◽  
Colin J. Garroway ◽  
Stephen C. Mills ◽  
Paul J. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Landscape Resistance ◽  
American Marten

scholarly journals Bachelor groups in primate multilevel society facilitate gene flow across fragmented habitats

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Li Li ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Jin-Wei Wu ◽  
Xin-Ping Ye ◽  
Paul A Garber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Population Bottlenecks ◽  
Landscape Resistance ◽  
Resistance Surface ◽  
Multilevel Society ◽  
The Face

Abstract In the face of ongoing habitat fragmentation, many primate species have experienced reduced gene flow resulting in a reduction of genetic diversity, population bottlenecks, and inbreeding depression, including golden snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus roxellana. Golden snub-nosed monkeys live in a multilevel society composed of several 1 male harem units that aggregate to form a cohesive breeding band, which is followed by one or more bachelor groups composed of juvenile, subadult, and adult male members. In this research, we examine the continuous landscape resistance surface, the genetic diversity and patterns of gene flow among 4 isolated breeding bands and 1 all-male band in the Qinling Mountains, China. Landscape surface modeling suggested that human activities and ecological factors severely limit the movement of individuals among breeding bands. Although these conditions are expected to result in reduced gene flow, reduced genetic diversity, and an increased opportunity for a genetic bottleneck, based on population genetic analyses of 13 microsatellite loci from 188 individuals inhabiting 4 isolated breeding bands and 1 all-male band, we found high levels of genetic diversity but low levels of genetic divergence, as well as high rates of gene flow between males residing in the all-male band and each of the 4 breeding bands. Our results indicate that the movement of bachelor males across the landscape, along with their association with several different breeding bands, appears to provide a mechanism for promoting gene flows and maintaining genetic diversity that may counteract the otherwise isolating effects of habitat fragmentation.

scholarly journals Using empirical datasets to quantify uncertainty in inferences of landscape genetic resistance due to variation of individual-based genetic distance metrics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joscha Beninde ◽  
Alain C. Frantz
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
List Type ◽  
Distance Metrics ◽  
Factorial Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Landscape Resistance ◽  
Landscape Factors ◽  
Landscape Genetic ◽  
The Impact

AbstractEstimates of gene flow are commonly based on inferences of landscape resistance in ecological and evolutionary research and they frequently inform decision-making processes in conservation management. It is therefore imperative that inferences of a landscape factors relevance and its resistance are robust across approaches and reflect real-world gene flow instead of methodological artefacts. Here, we tested the impact of 160 different individual-based pairwise genetic metrics on consistency of landscape genetic inferences.We used three empirical datasets that adopted individual-based sampling schemes and varied in scale (35-25,000 km2) and total number of samples (184-790) and comprise the wild boar, Sus scrofa, the red fox, Vulpes vulpes and the common wall lizard, Podarcis muralis. We made use of a machine-learning algorithm implemented in ResistanceGA to optimally fit resistances of landscape factors to genetic distance metrics and ranked their importance. Employed for nine landscape factors this resulted in 4,320 unique combinations of dataset, landscape factor and genetic distance metric, which provides the basis for quantifying uncertainty in inferences of landscape resistance.Our results demonstrate that there are clear differences in Akaike information criteria (AICc)-based model support and marginal R2-based model fit between different genetic distance metrics. Metrics based on between 1-10 axes of eigenvector-based multivariate analyses (Factorial correspondence analysis, FCA; Principal component analysis, PCA) outperformed more widely used metrics, including the proportion of shared alleles (DPS), with AICc and marginal R2 values often an order of magnitude greater in the former. Across datasets, inferences of the directionality of a landscape factors influence on gene flow, e.g. facilitating or impeding it, changed across different genetic distance metrics. The directionality of the inferred resistance was largely consistent when considering metrics based on between 1-10 FCA/PCA axes.Inferences of landscape genetic resistance need to be corroborated using calculations of multiple individual-based pairwise genetic distance metrics. Our results call for the adoption of eigenvector-based quantifications of pairwise genetic distances. Specifically, a preliminary step of analysis should be incorporated, which explores model ranks across genetic distance metrics derived from FCA and PCA, and, contrary to findings of a simulation study, we demonstrate that it suffices to quantify these distances spanning the first ten axes only.

Movement ecology of amphibians: from individual migratory behaviour to spatially structured populations in heterogeneous landscapes,

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 491-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Sinsch
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Landscape Resistance ◽  
Movement Behaviour ◽  
Heterogeneous Landscapes ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Total Movement

Both genetic cohesion among local populations of animals and range expansion depend on the frequency of dispersers moving at an interpatch scale. Animal movement has an individual component that reflects behaviour and an ecological component that reflects the spatial organization of populations. The total movement capacity of an individual describes maximum movement distance theoretically achievable during a lifetime, whereas its variation among the members of a local population determines the magnitude of interpatch movements and thus of gene flow between neighbouring patches within metapopulation or patchy population systems. Here, I review information on dispersal and migration as components of the movement capacity of juvenile and adult pond-breeding amphibians and discuss how these components inform the spatial structure of populations. Amphibians disperse as juveniles and adults, but movement distances detected in tracking or capture–mark–recapture studies are usually far below the corresponding estimates based on molecular gene-flow data. This discrepancy reflects the constraints of available tracking methods for free-ranging individuals leading to inappropriate surrogates of annual movement capacity, but can be resolved using probabilistic approaches based on dispersal functions. There is remarkable capacity for and plasticity in movements in amphibians. Annual within-patch movements (migrations) of individuals can be large and likely represent an underestimated capacity for movement at the interpatch scale. Landscape resistance may influence the paths of dispersing amphibians, but rarely impedes interpatch movements. Juveniles emigrating unpredictably far from the natal pond and adults switching from within-patch migrations to dispersal to another patch demonstrate the plasticity of individual movement behaviour. Three basic conclusions can be drawn with respect to the linkage of individual movement behaviour and spatial or genetic structure of local amphibian populations embedded in a heterogeneous landscape: (1) individual movements or consecutive short-term series of movements are misleading surrogate measures of total movement capacity; (2) probabilistic modelling of movement capacity is the best available behavioural predictor of interpatch gene flow; (3) connectivity of local populations in heterogeneous landscapes is less affected by landscape resistance than previously expected.

Short-Form Application of the Screening Test of Spanish Grammar and the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test to Latino Children

1978 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 220-235
Author(s):  
David L. Ratusnik ◽  
Carol Melnick Ratusnik ◽  
Karen Sattinger
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Latino Children ◽  
Data Application ◽  
York Metropolitan Area ◽  
Multiple Regression Technique

Short-form versions of the Screening Test of Spanish Grammar (Toronto, 1973) and the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test (Lee, 1971) were devised for use with bilingual Latino children while preserving the original normative data. Application of a multiple regression technique to data collected on 60 lower social status Latino children (four years and six months to seven years and one month) from Spanish Harlem and Yonkers, New York, yielded a small but powerful set of predictor items from the Spanish and English tests. Clinicians may make rapid and accurate predictions of STSG or NSST total screening scores from administration of substantially shortened versions of the instruments. Case studies of Latino children from Chicago and Miami serve to cross-validate the procedure outside the New York metropolitan area.

Emergency Department Admission and Mortality Rate for Suicidal Behavior

Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 406-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimondo Maria Pavarin ◽  
Angelo Fioritti ◽  
Francesca Fontana ◽  
Silvia Marani ◽  
Alessandra Paparelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Cox Model ◽  
Emergency Department Admission ◽  
Completed Suicide

Background: The international literature reports that for every completed suicide there are between 8 and 22 visits to an Emergency Department (ED) for attempted suicide/suicidal behavior. Aims: To describe the characteristics of admission to emergency departments (EDs) for suicide-related presenting complaints in the metropolitan area of Bologna; to estimate the risk for all-cause mortality and for suicide; to identify the profiles of subjects most at risk. Method: Follow-up of patients admitted to the EDs of the metropolitan area of Bologna between January 2004 and December 2010 for attempted suicide. A Cox model was used to evaluate the association between sociodemographic variables and the general mortality risk. Results: We identified 505 cases of attempted suicide, which were more frequent for female subjects, over the weekend, and at night (8:00 p.m./8:00 a.m.). The most used suicide methods were psychotropic drugs, sharp or blunt objects, and jumping from high places. In this cohort, 3.6% of subjects completed suicide (4.5% of males vs. 2.9% of females), 2.3% within 1 year of the start of follow-up. The most common causes of death were drug use and hanging. In the multivariate analysis, those who used illicit drugs 24 hr prior to admission to the ED (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.46, 95% CI = 1.23–9.73) and patients who refused the treatment (HR = 6.74, 95% CI = 1.86–24.40) showed an increased mortality risk for suicide. Conclusion: Deliberate self-harm patients presenting to the ED who refuse treatment represent a specific target group for setting up dedicated prevention schemes.

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