The coexistence of generalist and specialist clonal lineages in natural populations of the Irish Famine pathogenPhytophthora infestansexplains local adaptation to potato and tomato

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1891-1901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Kröner ◽  
Romain Mabon ◽  
Roselyne Corbière ◽  
Josselin Montarry ◽  
Didier Andrivon
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Irish Famine

scholarly journals Evolutionary inference from QST-FST comparisons: disentangling local adaptation from altitudinal gradient selection in snapdragon plants

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Marin ◽  
Juliette Archambeau ◽  
Vincent Bonhomme ◽  
Mylène Lascoste ◽  
Benoit Pujol
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Phenotypic Differentiation ◽  
Multiple Populations ◽  
Environmental Demand

ABSTRACTPhenotypic differentiation among natural populations can be explained by natural selection or by neutral processes such as drift. There are many examples in the literature where comparing the effects of these processes on multiple populations has allowed the detection of local adaptation. However, these studies rarely identify the agents of selection. Whether population adaptive divergence is caused by local features of the environment, or by the environmental demand emerging at a more global scale, for example along altitudinal gradients, is a question that remains poorly investigated. Here, we measured neutral genetic (FST) and quantitative genetic (QST) differentiation among 13 populations of snapdragon plants (Antirrhinum majus) in a common garden experiment. We found low but significant genetic differentiation at putatively neutral markers, which supports the hypothesis of either ongoing pervasive homogenisation via gene flow between diverged populations or reproductive isolation between disconnected populations. Our results also support the hypothesis of local adaptation involving phenological, morphological, reproductive and functional traits. They also showed that phenotypic differentiation increased with altitude for traits reflecting the reproduction and the phenology of plants, thereby confirming the role of such traits in their adaptation to environmental differences associated with altitude. Our approach allowed us to identify candidate traits for the adaptation to climate change in snapdragon plants. Our findings imply that environmental conditions changing with altitude, such as the climatic envelope, influenced the adaptation of multiple populations of snapdragon plants on the top of their adaptation to local environmental features. They also have implications for the study of adaptive evolution in structured populations because they highlight the need to disentangle the adaptation of plant populations to climate envelopes and altitude from the confounding effects of selective pressures acting specifically at the local scale of a population.

scholarly journals Limited potential for adaptation to climate change in a broadly distributed marine crustacean

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1727) ◽  
pp. 349-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan W. Kelly ◽  
Eric Sanford ◽  
Richard K. Grosberg
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Tigriopus Californicus ◽  
Standing Variation

The extent to which acclimation and genetic adaptation might buffer natural populations against climate change is largely unknown. Most models predicting biological responses to environmental change assume that species' climatic envelopes are homogeneous both in space and time. Although recent discussions have questioned this assumption, few empirical studies have characterized intraspecific patterns of genetic variation in traits directly related to environmental tolerance limits. We test the extent of such variation in the broadly distributed tidepool copepod Tigriopus californicus using laboratory rearing and selection experiments to quantify thermal tolerance and scope for adaptation in eight populations spanning more than 17° of latitude. Tigriopus californicus exhibit striking local adaptation to temperature, with less than 1 per cent of the total quantitative variance for thermal tolerance partitioned within populations. Moreover, heat-tolerant phenotypes observed in low-latitude populations cannot be achieved in high-latitude populations, either through acclimation or 10 generations of strong selection. Finally, in four populations there was no increase in thermal tolerance between generations 5 and 10 of selection, suggesting that standing variation had already been depleted. Thus, plasticity and adaptation appear to have limited capacity to buffer these isolated populations against further increases in temperature. Our results suggest that models assuming a uniform climatic envelope may greatly underestimate extinction risk in species with strong local adaptation.

scholarly journals Evolution of polygenic traits under global vs local adaptation

Genetics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 220 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Yeaman
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Migration

Abstract Observations about the number, frequency, effect size, and genomic distribution of alleles associated with complex traits must be interpreted in light of evolutionary process. These characteristics, which constitute a trait’s genetic architecture, can dramatically affect evolutionary outcomes in applications from agriculture to medicine, and can provide a window into how evolution works. Here, I review theoretical predictions about the evolution of genetic architecture under spatially homogeneous, global adaptation as compared with spatially heterogeneous, local adaptation. Due to the tension between divergent selection and migration, local adaptation can favor “concentrated” genetic architectures that are enriched for alleles of larger effect, clustered in a smaller number of genomic regions, relative to expectations under global adaptation. However, the evolution of such architectures may be limited by many factors, including the genotypic redundancy of the trait, mutation rate, and temporal variability of environment. I review the circumstances in which predictions differ for global vs local adaptation and discuss where progress can be made in testing hypotheses using data from natural populations and lab experiments. As the field of comparative population genomics expands in scope, differences in architecture among traits and species will provide insights into how evolution works, and such differences must be interpreted in light of which kind of selection has been operating.

scholarly journals Intercontinental karyotype–environment parallelism supports a role for a chromosomal inversion in local adaptation in a seaweed fly

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1881) ◽  
pp. 20180519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Mérot ◽  
Emma L. Berdan ◽  
Charles Babin ◽  
Eric Normandeau ◽  
Maren Wellenreuther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Inversion Polymorphism ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Adult Size

Large chromosomal rearrangements are thought to facilitate adaptation to heterogeneous environments by limiting genomic recombination. Indeed, inversions have been implicated in adaptation along environmental clines and in ecotype specialization. Here, we combine classical ecological studies and population genetics to investigate an inversion polymorphism previously documented in Europe among natural populations of the seaweed fly Coelopa frigida along a latitudinal cline in North America. We test if the inversion is present in North America and polymorphic, assess which environmental conditions modulate the inversion karyotype frequencies, and document the relationship between inversion karyotype and adult size. We sampled nearly 2000 flies from 20 populations along several environmental gradients to quantify associations of inversion frequencies to heterogeneous environmental variables. Genotyping and phenotyping showed a widespread and conserved inversion polymorphism between Europe and America. Variation in inversion frequency was significantly associated with environmental factors, with parallel patterns between continents, indicating that the inversion may play a role in local adaptation. The three karyotypes of the inversion are differently favoured across micro-habitats and represent life-history strategies likely to be maintained by the collective action of several mechanisms of balancing selection. Our study adds to the mounting evidence that inversions are facilitators of adaptation and enhance within-species diversity.

Local adaptation of sex induction in a facultative sexual crustacean: insights from QTL mapping and natural populations ofDaphnia magna

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 3567-3579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne C. Roulin ◽  
Jarkko Routtu ◽  
Matthew D. Hall ◽  
Tim Janicke ◽  
Isabelle Colson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qtl Mapping ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Natural Populations

scholarly journals Should I stay or should I go? The Ectodysplasin locus is associated with behavioural differences in threespine stickleback

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 788-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowan D. H. Barrett ◽  
Tim H. Vines ◽  
Jason S. Bystriansky ◽  
Patricia M. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Positive Selection ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Adaptive Divergence ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Repeated Evolution ◽  
Freshwater Environments

Adaptive divergence may be facilitated if morphological and behavioural traits associated with local adaptation share the same genetic basis. It is therefore important to determine whether genes underlying adaptive morphological traits are associated with variation in behaviour in natural populations. Positive selection on low-armour alleles at the Ectodysplasin ( Eda ) locus in threespine stickleback has led to the repeated evolution of reduced armour, following freshwater colonization by fully armoured marine sticklebacks. This adaptive divergence in armour between marine and freshwater populations would be facilitated if the low allele conferred a behavioural preference for freshwater environments. We experimentally tested whether the low allele is associated with preference for freshwater by measuring the preference of each Eda genotype for freshwater versus saltwater after acclimation to either salinity. We found no association between the Eda low allele and preference for freshwater. Instead, the low allele was significantly associated with a reduced preference for the acclimation environment. This behaviour may facilitate the colonization of freshwater habitats from the sea, but could also hinder local adaptation by promoting migration of low alleles between marine and freshwater environments.

scholarly journals Genomics of clinal local adaptation in Pinus sylvestris under continuous environmental and spatial genetic setting

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaakko S. Tyrmi ◽  
Jaana Vuosku ◽  
Juan J. Acosta ◽  
Zhen Li ◽  
Lieven Sterck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Keystone Species ◽  
Evolutionary Genetics ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Landscape Genomics ◽  
Polygenic Adaptation

AbstractUnderstanding the consequences of local adaptation at the genomic diversity is a central goal in evolutionary genetics of natural populations. In species with large continuous geographical distributions the phenotypic signal of local adaptation is frequently clear, but the genetic background often remains elusive. We examined the patterns of genetic diversity in Pinus sylvestris, a keystone species in many Eurasian ecosystems with a huge distribution range and decades of forestry research showing that it is locally adapted to the vast range of environmental conditions. Making P. sylvestris an even more attractive subject of local adaptation study, population structure has been shown to be weak previously and in this study. However, little is known about the molecular genetic basis of adaptation, as the massive size of gymnosperm genomes has prevented large scale genomic surveys. We generated a both geographically and genomically extensive dataset using a targeted sequencing approach. By applying divergence-based and landscape genomics methods we found that several coding loci contribute to local adaptation. We also discovered a very large (ca. 300 Mbp) putative inversion with a signal of local adaptation, which to our knowledge is the first such discovery in conifers. Our results call for more detailed analysis of structural variation in relation to genomic basis of local adaptation, emphasize the lack of large effect loci contributing to local adaptation in the coding regions and thus point out to the need for more attention towards multi-locus analysis of polygenic adaptation.

scholarly journals Abandoning the ship using sex, dispersal or dormancy: multiple escape routes from challenging conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1757) ◽  
pp. 20170424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Gerber ◽  
Hanna Kokko
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Bet Hedging ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Risk Spreading ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Shed Light

Natural populations often experience environments that vary across space and over time, leading to spatio-temporal variation of the fitness of a genotype. If local conditions are poor, organisms can disperse in space (physical movement) or time (dormancy, diapause). Facultatively sexual organisms can switch between asexual and sexual reproduction, and thus have a third option available to deal with maladaptedness: they can engage in sexual reproduction in unfavourable conditions (an ‘abandon-ship’ response). Sexual reproduction in facultatively sexual organisms is often coupled with dispersal and/or dormancy, while bet-hedging theory at first sight predicts sex, dispersal and dormancy to covary negatively, as they represent different escape mechanisms that could substitute for each other. Here we briefly review the observed links between sex, dormancy and dispersal, and model the expected covariation patterns of dispersal, dormancy and the reproductive mode in the context of local adaptation to spatio-temporally fluctuating environments. The correlations between sex, dormancy and dispersal evolve differently within species versus across species. Various risk-spreading strategies are not completely interchangeable, as each has dynamic consequences that can feed back into the profitability of others. Our results shed light on the discrepancy between previous theoretical predictions on covarying risk-spreading traits and help explain why sex often associates with other means of escaping unfavourable situations. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking local adaptation with the evolution of sex differences’.

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