scholarly journals The influence of locus number and information content on species delimitation: an empirical test case in an endangered Mexican salamander

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (23) ◽  
pp. 5959-5974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Hime ◽  
Scott Hotaling ◽  
Richard E. Grewelle ◽  
Eric M. O'Neill ◽  
S. Randal Voss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Locus Number

scholarly journals Weekly Hotel Occupancy Forecasting of a Tourism Destination

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muzi Zhang ◽  
Junyi Li ◽  
Bing Pan ◽  
Gaojun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Arima Model ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition ◽  
Frequency Fluctuation ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Tourism Destination ◽  
Mode Decomposition

The accurate forecasting of tourism demand is complicated by the dynamic tourism marketplace and its intricate causal relationships with economic factors. In order to enhance forecasting accuracy, we present a modified ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD)–autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, which dissects a time series into three intrinsic model functions (IMFs): high-frequency fluctuation, low-frequency fluctuation, and a trend; these three signals were then modeled using ARIMA methods. We used weekly hotel occupancy data from Charleston, South Carolina, USA as an empirical test case. The results showed that for medium-term forecasting (26 weeks) of hotel occupancy of a tourism destination, the modified EEMD–ARIMA model provides more accurate forecasting results with smaller standard deviations than the EEMD–ARIMA model, but further research is needed for validation.

scholarly journals Classifiers as Count Syntax: Individuation and Measurement in the Acquisition of Mandarin

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Li ◽  
David Barner ◽  
Becky H. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Syntactic Knowledge ◽  
Mass Nouns ◽  
Count Nouns ◽  
Classifier Languages ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
English Speaking

The distinction between mass nouns (e.g., butter) and count nouns (e.g.,table) offers a test case for asking how the syntax and semantics ofnatural language are related, and how children exploit syntax-semanticsmappings when acquiring language. Virtually no studies have examined thisdistinction in classifier languages (e.g., Mandarin Chinese) due to thewidespread assumption that such languages lack mass-count syntax. However,Cheng and Sybesma (1998) argue that Mandarin encodes the mass-count at theclassifier level: classifiers can be categorized as “mass-classifiers” or“count-classifiers.” Mass and count classifiers differ in semanticinterpretation and occur in different syntactic constructions. The currentstudy is first an empirical test of Cheng and Sybesma’s hypothesis, andsecond, a test of the acquisition of putative mass and count classifiers bychildren learning Mandarin. Experiments 1 and 2 asked whethercount-classifiers select individuals and whether mass classifiers selectportions of stuff or groups of individual things. Adult Mandarin-speakersindeed showed this pattern of interpretation, while 4- to 6-year-olds hadnot fully mastered the distinction. Experiment 3 tested participants’syntactic sensitivity by asking them to match two syntactic constructions(one that supported the mass or portion reading and one that did not) totwo contrasting choices (a portion of an object and a whole object). Adevelopmental trend in syntactic knowledge was observed: adults were nearperfect and the older children were more likely than the younger childrento correctly match the contrasting phrases to their correspondingreferents. Thus, in three experiments we find support for Cheng andSybesma’s analysis, but also that children master the syntax and semanticsof Mandarin classifiers much later than English-speaking children acquireknowledge of the English mass-count distinction.

scholarly journals How Is Gross Profit Margin Overestimated in China?

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Fulei Shi ◽  
Bingbing Huang ◽  
Chuanqi Wu ◽  
Liang Jin
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Profit Margin ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Cash Discount ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bad Debt

At present, the index of gross profit margin is overestimated in China. However, this problem has not attracted enough attention. This paper explores the theoretical limitations of the current revenue that lead to the overestimation of the gross profit margin. Then, we present the concept of revenue to correct the limitations of the current revenue. Moreover, we test the impact on the information content of gross profit margin under revenue caliber. The findings are as follows: (1) The current revenue includes some unrealized items such as in-price tax, so it is not completely consistent with the definition of revenue from the perspective of accounting, which will lead to the overestimation of gross profit margin. Therefore, the current revenue should exclude the in-price tax, bad debt loss, and cash discount in order to obtain the revenue. The gross profit margin based on the revenue can reflect the profitability of the company’s basic business more objectively. (2) The empirical test shows that the gross profit margin based on the revenue has higher information content compared with the gross profit margin based on the current revenue. (3) The current gross profit margin is overestimated by 1.36 percentage points because of the limitations of the current revenue.

scholarly journals Replicator–mutator dynamics of linguistic convergence and divergence

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 201682
Author(s):  
Henri Kauhanen
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Test ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Identity Maintenance ◽  
Numerical Solution Methods ◽  
Solution Methods ◽  
Stable Equilibria ◽  
Linguistic Behaviour ◽  
Dynamic Equilibria ◽  
Special Case

People tend to align their use of language to the linguistic behaviour of their own ingroup and to simultaneously diverge from the language use of outgroups. This paper proposes to model this phenomenon of sociolinguistic identity maintenance as an evolutionary game in which individuals play the field and the dynamics are supplied by a multi-population extension of the replicator–mutator equation. Using linearization, the stabilities of all dynamic equilibria of the game in its fully symmetric two-population special case are found. The model is then applied to an empirical test case from adolescent sociolinguistic behaviour. It is found that the empirically attested population state corresponds to one of a number of stable equilibria of the game under an independently plausible value of a parameter controlling the rate of linguistic mutations. An asymmetric three-population extension of the game, explored with numerical solution methods, furthermore predicts to which specific equilibrium the system converges.

scholarly journals A Simulation Study to Examine the Information Content in Phylogenomic Data Sets under the Multispecies Coalescent Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 3211-3224
Author(s):  
Jun Huang ◽  
Tomáš Flouri ◽  
Ziheng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Mutation Rate ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Species Tree ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Site Mutation ◽  
Coalescent Model ◽  
Inference Problems ◽  
Multispecies Coalescent ◽  
Tree Estimation

Abstract We use computer simulation to examine the information content in multilocus data sets for inference under the multispecies coalescent model. Inference problems considered include estimation of evolutionary parameters (such as species divergence times, population sizes, and cross-species introgression probabilities), species tree estimation, and species delimitation based on Bayesian comparison of delimitation models. We found that the number of loci is the most influential factor for almost all inference problems examined. Although the number of sequences per species does not appear to be important to species tree estimation, it is very influential to species delimitation. Increasing the number of sites and the per-site mutation rate both increase the mutation rate for the whole locus and these have the same effect on estimation of parameters, but the sequence length has a greater effect than the per-site mutation rate for species tree estimation. We discuss the computational costs when the data size increases and provide guidelines concerning the subsampling of genomic data to enable the application of full-likelihood methods of inference.

scholarly journals Species detection and individual assignment in species delimitation: can integrative data increase efficacy?

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1777) ◽  
pp. 20132765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle L. Edwards ◽  
L. Lacey Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Individual Assignment ◽  
Species Detection ◽  
Putative Species ◽  
Statistical Issues ◽  
Singular Data

Statistical species delimitation usually relies on singular data, primarily genetic, for detecting putative species and individual assignment to putative species. Given the variety of speciation mechanisms, singular data may not adequately represent the genetic, morphological and ecological diversity relevant to species delimitation. We describe a methodological framework combining multivariate and clustering techniques that uses genetic, morphological and ecological data to detect and assign individuals to putative species. Our approach recovers a similar number of species recognized using traditional, qualitative taxonomic approaches that are not detected when using purely genetic methods. Furthermore, our approach detects groupings that traditional, qualitative taxonomic approaches do not. This empirical test suggests that our approach to detecting and assigning individuals to putative species could be useful in species delimitation despite varying levels of differentiation across genetic, phenotypic and ecological axes. This work highlights a critical, and often overlooked, aspect of the process of statistical species delimitation—species detection and individual assignment. Irrespective of the species delimitation approach used, all downstream processing relies on how individuals are initially assigned, and the practices and statistical issues surrounding individual assignment warrant careful consideration.

scholarly journals The range of linguistic units: Distance effects in English mandative subjunctive constructions

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-268
Author(s):  
THOMAS BERG ◽  
TIM ZINGLER ◽  
ARNE LOHMANN
Keyword(s):  
Decay Rate ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Structural Hierarchy ◽  
Distance Effects ◽  
Linguistic Units

This study examines the role of distance in the decision among grammatical variants. The empirical test case is the English mandative subjunctive construction, which co-occurs with an embedded modal auxiliary, a subjunctive or an indicative verb form. The fact that the subjunctive is triggered by specific lexical items allows one to measure the distance between the triggering unit and the target verb. This distance is found to play a significant role in the grammatical decision process. With increasing distance between trigger and target, the probability of selecting a modal auxiliary increases and the probability of selecting the subjunctive decreases. The theoretical account hinges on the range and strength of linguistic units. Syntactic units (i.e. modals) are claimed to have a wider range than morphological units (i.e. indicative and subjunctive). Furthermore, the indicative is claimed to have a wider range than the subjunctive. Varying ranges are interpreted as varying decay rates. The lower decay rate of syntactic as compared to morphological units results from the syntactic level being superordinated to the morphological level in language production. The inclusion of the semantic and the phonological levels confirms that the position of a level in the structural hierarchy determines its range.

Applications of Scanning Microscopy in Biomedical Research

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 354-355
Author(s):  
T. L. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Whole Mount ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Content Information ◽  
Sectioned Tissue

Biomedical applications of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) have increased in number quite rapidly over the last several years. Studies have been made of cells, whole mount tissue, sectioned tissue, particles, human chromosomes, microorganisms, dental enamel and skeletal material. Many of the advantages of using this instrument for such investigations come from its ability to produce images that are high in information content. Information about the chemical make-up of the specimen, its electrical properties and its three dimensional architecture all may be represented in such images. Since the biological system is distinctive in its chemistry and often spatially scaled to the resolving power of the SEM, these images are particularly useful in biomedical research.In any form of microscopy there are two parameters that together determine the usefulness of the image. One parameter is the size of the volume being studied or resolving power of the instrument and the other is the amount of information about this volume that is displayed in the image. Both parameters are important in describing the performance of a microscope. The light microscope image, for example, is rich in information content (chemical, spatial, living specimen, etc.) but is very limited in resolving power.

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