High degree of genetic differentiation in marine three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 4811-4828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacquelin DeFaveri ◽  
Takahito Shikano ◽  
Yukinori Shimada ◽  
Juha Merilä
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
High Degree

Contrasting Altitude and Long-term Geographical Isolation Shaped Phylogeography of Himalrandia  lichiangensis, an Endemic Species from the Dry Hot Valley of Southwest China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaomei Qiao ◽  
Jian Liu ◽  
Xun Gong
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Geographical Isolation ◽  
Niche Modelling ◽  
Jinsha River ◽  
Climatic Oscillations ◽  
Late Tertiary ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Background: The eastern Sino-Himalayan region of southwest China, as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, has undergone dramatic geomorphological and climatic changes during the Late Tertiary/Quaternary. The dry-hot valleys in southwest China is overlapping with the Hengduan Mountains. However, when this endemism was assembled in dry-hot valleys and how the climatic oscillations and/or tectonic movements influence their phylogeographical patterns remained largely unknown. Himalrandia lichiangensis is a shrub of Rubiaceae, endemically distributes in dry-hot valleys of southwest China. By integrating evidences from phylogeography, population dynamic and ecological niche modelling, we are aiming to trace the evolutionary history and explain the origin of biodiversity and endemism in the dry-hot valleys of southwest China. Results: Based on sequencing four chloroplastic non-coding regions (psbM-trnD, trnD-trnT, atpB-rbcL and accD-psaI) and two single-low copy nuclear genes CAMX (Calmodulin) and ITS of 423 individuals from 23 populations, we found high genetic variation mainly existed between the populations (cpDNA: 89.80％, ITS: 84.55％, CAMX: 95.68％). Haplotypes in different river basins showed significant phylogeographical structure. The geographical distribution of haplotypes indicated that there is a high degree of genetic differentiation and this differentiation is associated with altitude discrepancy. BARRIER analysis detects a strong geographic barrier between the Nanpan River and Jinsha River. The MaxEnt result shows that the suitable distribution area was the largest in the LGM. The future climate warming will lead to the niche expansion for H. lichiangensis but will also cause fragmented distribution.Conclusions: Our study highlighted the importance of altitude in explaining the genetic differentiation. The current phylogeographical pattern of H. lichiangensis may be shaped by long-term geographical isolation resulted from the uplifting of Himalaya, which gives rise to the barriers from the Hengduan Mountain or multiple river systems, and the vertical altitude discrepancies that both limited gene flow among regions. The Middle Jinsha River valley is most likely to be a main refuge for H. lichiangensis till now, and the glaciation retreat may account for the high endemism of plants in the dry-hot valleys of southwest China.

Mitochondrial DNA patterns among endemic stickleback from the Queen Charlotte Islands: a preliminary survey

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 1324-1328 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Gach ◽  
T. E. Reimchen
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Unique Restriction ◽  
High Degree

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction fragments were analyzed in 30 individuals from four populations of Gasterosteus aculeatus from the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Two morphologically divergent endemic freshwater populations (Boulton Lake, Drizzle Lake), a typical stream form, and a brackish form were sampled. mtDNA size variation of 70 to 180 base pairs was noted among individuals from all populations, and 1.1 and 5.0 kilobase duplications were observed in mtDNAs from two individuals. Analysis of 75 mtDNA fragments produced by five restriction endonucleases revealed seven clones differing by less than 1.0% sequence divergence. While the high degree of genetic similarity is consistent with a postglacial origin of these populations, the presence of a unique restriction site among geographically isolated populations suggests that these endemics may have had a common freshwater ancestor that inhabited periglacial freshwater habitats rather than being independently derived from marine forms.

scholarly journals Impact of farmers' practices and seed systems on the genetic structure of common sorghum varieties in Kenya and Sudan

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Y. Rabbi ◽  
Hartwig H. Geiger ◽  
Bettina I. G. Haussmann ◽  
Dan Kiambi ◽  
Rolf Folkertsma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Population Parameter ◽  
Seed Systems ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Modern Variety ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Eastern Sudan

To understand the effect of different farming systems on the dynamics of diversity of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) crop, genetic structure of widely used landraces and modern varieties collected from two contrasting agroecosystems, in eastern Sudan and western Kenya, were analysed with 16 polymorphic microsatellite markers. A total of 1104 accessions, grouped into 46 samples from individual farmers, were genotyped. Cluster analysis of the samples from the two countries displayed contrasting patterns. Most strikingly, differently named landraces from western Kenya formed widely overlapping clusters, indicating weak genetic differentiation, while those from eastern Sudan formed clearly distinguishable groups. Similarly, samples of the modern variety from Sudan displayed high homogeneity, whereas the most common modern variety from western Kenya was very heterogeneous. The high degree of fragmentation of farmlands of western Kenya, coupled with planting of different sorghum varieties in the same fields, increases the likelihood of inter-variety gene flow. This may explain the low genetic differentiation between the differently named landraces and heterogeneity of the modern variety from western Kenya. This study highlights the important role of farmers in shaping the genetic variation of their crops and provides population parameter estimates allowing forecasting of the fate of ‘modern’ germplasm (conventional or genetically modified) when introduced into subsistence farming systems.

Genetic differentiation between the freshwater subspecies of Gasterosteus aculeatus in Southern California

1984 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Buth ◽  
C.B. Crabtree ◽  
Randal D. Orton ◽  
Walter J. Rainboth
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus

scholarly journals Social recognition in wild fish populations

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1613) ◽  
pp. 1071-1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley J.W Ward ◽  
Michael M Webster ◽  
Paul J.B Hart
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Recognition Mechanism ◽  
Temporal Flexibility ◽  
Social And Physical Environment ◽  
Focal Fish ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Recent Laboratory

The ability of animals to gather information about their social and physical environment is essential for their ecological function. Odour cues are an important component of this information gathering across taxa. Recent laboratory studies have revealed the importance of flexible chemical cues in facilitating social recognition of fishes. These cues are known to be mediated by recent habitat experience and fishes are attracted to individuals that smell like themselves. However, to be relevant to wild populations, where animals may move and forage freely, these cues would have to be temporally flexible and allow spatial resolution. Here, we present data from a study of social recognition in wild populations of three-spined sticklebacks ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ). Focal fish preferentially associated with conspecifics from the same habitat as themselves. These preferences were changed and updated following translocation of the focal fish to a different site. Further investigation revealed that association preferences changed after 3 h of exposure to different habitat cues. In addition to temporal flexibility, the cues also allowed a high degree of spatial resolution: fish taken from sites 200 m apart produced cues that were sufficiently different to enable the focal fish to discriminate and associate with fish captured near their own home site. The adaptive benefits of this social recognition mechanism remain unclear, though they may allow fish to orient within their social environment and gain current local information.

On Synchronization in the Reproduction of the Stickleback (Gasterosteus Aculeatus L. Forma Leiura Cuv.)

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Vanmullem
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Rich Food ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
High Degree

Abstract1. It is demonstrated that the Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L. forma leiura Cuv.) in the Geelmolen brook near Vaassen has two reproductive periods: one in spring (first macro-breeding wave, I), and one in late summer (second macro-breeding wave, II). In general, only one reproductive period is known for the Stickleback, i.e., in spring. The phenomenon of macro-breeding wave II must be seen as an exceptional situation, possibly created by rich food supply and relatively high winter and moderate summer temperatures of the brook water. 2. Both macro-breeding waves show two micro-breeding waves (hatching-waves, I1, I2 and II1, II2). During a micro-breeding wave, all the eggs hatch on one given day ± a couple of days. The data make it seem probable that in 1963 the highest frequency of hatching for I1 fell on 11 May, for I2 on 2 June, for II1 on 3 August, and for II2 on 28 August. Outside these short periods, which include the dates mentioned ± a couple of days, no eggs hatch. It may therefore be stated that there is a high degree of synchronization in the reproduction of the Stickleback. 3. The interval between two micro-breeding waves amounts to about three weeks. 4. The interval between I2 and II1 amounts to about 2 months. 5. The growth of the young animals from the 4 micro-breeding waves during the period of the investigation (22 April through 17 October 1963) is shown by the growth lines in figure 2.

scholarly journals Priority effects in a planktonic bloom-forming marine diatom

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 20150184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josefin Sefbom ◽  
Ingrid Sassenhagen ◽  
Karin Rengefors ◽  
Anna Godhe
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Priority Effects ◽  
Marine Diatom ◽  
Species Competition ◽  
Population Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Geographical Distances ◽  
Successive Inoculation ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Numerical Advantage

Priority effects occur when a species or genotype with earlier arrival has an advantage such that its relative abundance in the community or population is increased compared with later-arriving species. Few studies have dealt with this concept in the context of within-species competition. Skeletonema marinoi is a marine diatom that shows a high degree of genetic differentiation between populations over small geographical distances. To test whether historical events such as priority effects may have been important in inducing these patterns of population differentiation, we performed microcosm experiments with successive inoculation of different S. marinoi strains. Our results show that even in the absence of a numerical advantage, significant priority effects were evident. We propose that priority effects may be an important mechanism in initiating population genetic differentiation.

Proteocephalus filicollis(Rudolphi, 1802) andProteocephalus ambiguus(Dujardin, 1845), Two Hitherto Confused Species of Cestodes

1968 ◽  
Vol 42 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 395-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Willemse
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
High Degree

Several kinds of data were collected from worms belonging to the genusProteocephalus, living in the intestines ofPygosteus pungitiusandGasterosteus aculeatus.a. Morphological data. When we compare the morphological characteristics of worms from the two hosts we find small differences in those characteristics commonly used in the descriptions of species of the genusProteocephalus. Regularly differences of the same magnitude are used to separate species.b. Experimental infections show that a high degree of host specificity exists in worms from the two hosts. It is impossible to cultivate worms originally coming from one host species in the intestine of the other. These experimental infections were carried out either by feeding intermediate hosts carrying plerocercoids to fishes free of infection, or by collecting worms from the intestine of one fish and introducing them into the intestine of another fish.Experimental infections of alien hosts failed whereas infections of the proper host, carried out as controls, always were successful.c. Mixed populations ofGasterosteusandPygosteusliving in a small closed canal system gave additional data indicating the existence of a high degree of host specificity. Throughout the yearGasterosteusshowed no infection at all whereasPygosteuswas “normally” infested.d. Monthly dissections ofPygosteusshowed that inProteocephalusliving in this fish species no seasonal cycle exists similar to that found by Hopkins inProteocephalusfromGasterosteus. The stages of development ofProteocephaluscollected during the dissections ofGasterosteuscorrespond with Hopkins' seasonal cycle.e. As a result of these observations it is proposed to consider the worms fromPygosteusas belonging to a distinct species. Since Dujardin was the first to describe worms belonging to the genusProteocephalusand living in the intestine ofPygosteusasProteocephalus ambiguus(Dujardin, 1845) this obviously ought to be the name of the species involved. The use of the nameP. filicollis(Rudolphi, 1802) is restricted to material fromGasterosteus.

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