scholarly journals Associations of maternal resources with care behaviours differ by resource and behaviour

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sulochana Basnet ◽  
Edward A. Frongillo ◽  
Phuong Hong Nguyen ◽  
Spencer Moore ◽  
Mandana Arabi
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Resources

scholarly journals The Evolution of Genomic Imprinting

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 1283-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Mochizuki ◽  
Yasuhiko Takeda ◽  
Yoh Iwasa
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Genomic Imprinting ◽  
Parental Origin ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Genetic Conflict ◽  
Multiple Partners ◽  
Zygotic Gene ◽  
Mammalian Genes ◽  
Maternal Resources

Abstract In some mammalian genes, the paternally and maternally derived alleles are expressed differently: this phenomenon is called genomic imprinting. Here we study the evolution of imprinting using multivariate quantitative genetic models to examine the feasibility of the genetic conflict hypothesis. This hypothesis explains the observed imprinting patterns as an evolutionary outcome of the conflict between the paternal and maternal alleles. We consider the expression of a zygotic gene, which codes for an embryonic growth factor affecting the amount of maternal resources obtained through the placenta. We assume that the gene produces the growth factor in two different amounts depending on its parental origin. We show that genomic imprinting evolves easily if females have some probability of multiple partners. This is in conflict with the observation that not all genes controlling placental development are imprinted and that imprinting in some genes is not conserved between mice and humans. We show however that deleterious mutations in the coding region of the gene create selection against imprinting.

scholarly journals Egg Mass Influences Nestling Quality in Tree Swallows, But There is no Differential Allocation in Relation to Laying Order or Sex

The Condor ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda A. Whittingham ◽  
Peter O. Dunn ◽  
Jan T. Lifjeld
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Tree Swallows ◽  
Offspring Quality ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Laying Order ◽  
Egg Formation ◽  
Maternal Resources ◽  
Maternal Allocation

Abstract Abstract. Maternal allocation of resources to eggs and nestlings can potentially have a profound influence on offspring phenotype and fitness. However, it is often unclear how much of the variation in offspring quality is due to maternal or environmental effects. We examined the influence of maternal and environmental effects on egg mass and nestling quality (growth and immune function) in Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). There was no evidence that the allocation of maternal resources to eggs varied with laying order or offspring sex. Thus, there was no evidence of adaptive maternal allocation to eggs in terms of mass. Instead, egg mass in Tree Swallows appeared to be influenced primarily by ambient temperature during egg formation and differences among females. Nonetheless, female Tree Swallows were likely to realize substantial benefits from producing larger eggs because those young were larger at hatching and grew faster. Furthermore, nestlings that grew faster had a stronger immune function at 11 days of age. Our results suggest that the positive relationship between nestling growth and survival may be due, in part, to the effects of an enhanced immune response.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS ABLATIONS IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS ON ESTABLISHED PREGNANCY IN THE RAT

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1081-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Holloway ◽  
J. A. F. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Hypothalamic Control ◽  
Fetal Birth Weight ◽  
The Face ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Maternal Resources ◽  
Made In ◽  
Length Of Gestation

To investigate the role of the hypothalamus in the maintenance of established pregnancy, bilateral electrolytic lesions were made in various regions of the hypothalamus in Wistar rats on day 10 of gestation. These lesioned rats were compared with pair-fed controls, and controls fed ad libitum. No significant differences were noted between lesioned and pair-fed control rats in litter and fetal weights, length of gestation, or stillbirth rates. Lesioned rats were able to complete their pregnancies to term. Fetal birth weight was normal or slightly subnormal in the face of significant decreases, and in one group an increase, in maternal food intake. After lesions in some regions of the hypothalamus, there were changes in maternal endocrine weights, suggesting a disturbance of hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary. These results show that pregnancy can be maintained successfully in the presence of large symmetrical lesions in several regions of the hypothalamus and support the concept that the fetus is nourished at the expense of maternal resources.

scholarly journals Placental imprinted gene expression mediates the effects of maternal psychosocial stress during pregnancy on fetal growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 196-205
Author(s):  
L. Lambertini ◽  
Q. Li ◽  
Y. Ma ◽  
W. Zhang ◽  
K. Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Psychosocial Stress ◽  
Imprinted Genes ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Imprinted Gene ◽  
Infant Gender ◽  
Maternal Resources ◽  
Gestational Age At Birth ◽  
Lower Birthweight

AbstractImprinted genes uniquely drive and support fetoplacental growth by controlling the allocation of maternal resources to the fetus and affecting the newborn’s growth. We previously showed that alterations of the placental imprinted gene expression are associated with suboptimal perinatal growth and respond to environmental stimuli including socio-economic determinants. At the same time, maternal psychosocial stress during pregnancy (MPSP) has been shown to affect fetal growth. Here, we set out to test the hypothesis that placental imprinted gene expression mediates the effects of MPSP on fetal growth in a well-characterized birth cohort, the Stress in Pregnancy (SIP) Study. We observed that mothers experiencing high MPSP deliver infants with lower birthweight (P=0.047). Among the 109 imprinted genes tested, we detected panels of placental imprinted gene expression of 23 imprinted genes associated with MPSP and 26 with birthweight. Among these genes, five imprinted genes (CPXM2, glucosidase alpha acid (GAA), GPR1, SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 2 (SHANK2) and THSD7A) were common to the two panels. In multivariate analyses, controlling for maternal age and education and gestational age at birth and infant gender, two genes, GAA and SHANK2, each showed a 22% mediation of MPSP on fetal growth. These data provide new insights into the role that imprinted genes play in translating the maternal stress message into a fetoplacental growth pattern.

scholarly journals New Partner, New Order? Multipartnered Fertility and Birth Order Effects on Educational Achievement

Demography ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 1625-1646
Author(s):  
Mats Lillehagen ◽  
Martin Arstad Isungset
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
New Order ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Socioeconomic Outcomes ◽  
Resource Dilution ◽  
Multipartnered Fertility ◽  
Maternal Resources

Abstract A substantial amount of research shows that younger siblings perform worse than their older sisters and brothers in several socioeconomic outcomes, including educational achievement. Most of these studies examined stable families and excluded half-siblings. However, the increasing prevalence of multipartnered fertility implies that many children grow up in nonnuclear families. We examine whether there is evidence for birth order effects in this context, which offers an opportunity to test and potentially expand the explanatory scope of the two main theories on birth order effects. We use comprehensive Norwegian registry data to study siblings in the 1985–1998 cohorts born to mothers or fathers who parented children with at least two partners. We provide evidence for negative effects of birth order on lower secondary school grades in both cases. Children born to fathers displaying multipartnered fertility tend to have lower grades than older full siblings but perform more similarly or better compared with older half-siblings. For siblings born to mothers with the multipartnered fertility pattern, later-born siblings do worse in school compared with all older siblings. This indicates that negative birth order effects tend to operate either within or across sets of full siblings, depending on the sex of the parent displaying multipartnered fertility. We argue that these findings can be explained by a combination of resource dilution/confluence theory and sex differences in residential arrangements following union dissolutions. We also suggest an alternative interpretation: maternal resources could be more important for generating negative birth order effects.

scholarly journals Maternal resources and household food security: evidence from Nicaragua

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 2915-2924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kammi K Schmeer ◽  
Barbara A Piperata ◽  
Andrés Herrera Rodríguez ◽  
Virgilio Mariano Salazar Torres ◽  
Francisco José Centeno Cárdenas
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Household Food Insecurity ◽  
Household Food ◽  
Maternal Resources ◽  
Specific Food

AbstractObjectiveWomen (especially mothers) are theorized as critical to reducing household food insecurity through their work and caregiver roles. The present study tests these assumptions, assessing how maternal economic and social resources are associated with food insecurity in households with young children.DesignData from a population-based sample of households was collected in León, Nicaragua (n 443). Data include a newly validated measure of household food insecurity (ELCSA), maternal resource measures, and household economic status and demographics. Regression analysis tests the statistical associations (P<0·05) of maternal resources with household, adult-specific and child-specific food insecurity.SettingMunicipality of León, Nicaragua.SubjectsHouseholds with children aged 3–11 years in rural and urban León.ResultsOnly 25 % of households with young children were food secure, with 50 % mildly food insecure and 25 % moderately/severely food insecure. When mothers contributed substantially to household income, the odds of moderate/severe household food insecurity were 34 % lower than when their spouse/partner was the main provider. The odds of food insecurity were 60 % lower when mothers managed household money, 48 % lower when mothers had a secondary (v. primary) education, 65 % higher among single mothers and 16 % lower with each indicator of social support. Results were similar for adult- and child-specific food insecurity.ConclusionsThis research provides new evidence that maternal economic and social resources are important for reducing household food insecurity and adult- and child-specific food insecurity. Women’s social status, social support and access to economic resources need to be enhanced as a part of policies aimed to reduce food insecurity in high-poverty settings.

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