When More than Property Is Lost: The Dignity Losses and Restoration of the Tulsa Riot of 1921

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (04) ◽  
pp. 824-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred L. Brophy
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
Race Riot ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Property Losses ◽  
Tulsa Race Riot ◽  
The Times

Bernadette Atuahene's We Want What's Ours focuses on deprivations that go beyond property losses. Her focus is on the dignity harms to South Africans over centuries, such as denial of citizenship, that accompanied the theft of their land. I focus here on one grotesque episode of violence, the Tulsa race riot of 1921, to gauge dignity takings in a US context. Thousands were, in the parlance of the times, run out of town in a “negro drive.” They lost property, but also their community, and they could not assert their rights after the riot. This article turns to the ways in which African Americans in Oklahoma obtained rights through the courts that should have been protected around the time of the riot. This expands our sense of the range of responses, from apologies and compensation, to additional judicial process and substantive rights, that are needed for past racial crimes.

On Writing from a Postcolonial Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sindiwe Magona
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
White People ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Her Family ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Total Absence ◽  
The Times ◽  
Democratic Elections ◽  
Sindiwe Magona ◽  
History Books

Sindiwe Magona started writing in pursuit of agency as opposed to victimhood. With no training in writing, she felt nonetheless she could paint a much better, more realistic picture than what she found in stories of her people written by white people, to say nothing of how history books represented black Africans or “Bantu” as the terminology of the day went. Another fact that pushed her to dare to write was the almost total absence of records left to her generation by the preceding one. She wanted to close that lacuna. Her first book, To My Children’s Children, was published in 1990 when she was almost fifty years old. Magona wrote the autobiography as a record of life lived in a specific period, by specific people, using hers as an example. The book references other lives, not only that of her family. The cultural milieu and the overarching theme, given the times, however, is of the oppressive system of apartheid—legalized racism. Memory represents not only what is remembered but the inescapable past as represented by the still felt, still visible, still “performing” insights, ideas, ideology, actions, and reactions of South Africans almost a quarter of a century since the end of apartheid came with the first democratic elections of April 27, 1994. Each of her books—four novels, two collections of short stories, two autobiographies, two published plays, three biographies, a book of poetry, as well as her articles, essays, and talks—gives evidence of Magona’s witness of what happens, how it happens, and its observed or acknowledged consequences. She takes the journey further, exploring the inner meanings of the observed. The inner lives of victims and perpetrators, of oppressed and oppressor, and all the other binaries of which she is aware concern her. She set out to write, to leave a record for all posterity, not only black posterity, for it is her firm belief, hope, and prayer that, ere long, humanity will find itself, regain its former oneness or sense of belonging, and understand there are no races but one, the human race.

The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921: A geophysical study to locate a mass grave

2001 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 655-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Witten ◽  
Robert Brooks ◽  
Thomas Fenner
Keyword(s):  
Mass Grave ◽  
Race Riot ◽  
Geophysical Study ◽  
Tulsa Race Riot

The Neo-Behavioral Approach to the Judicial Process: A Critique

1963 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wallace Mendelson
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Lower Court ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Court Judge ◽  
Good Medicine ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Times

A generation ago “legal realists” led by Jerome Frank and Karl Llewellyn dismissed law as a myth—a function of what judges had for breakfast. The important thing, they insisted, was what a court did, not what it said. No doubt this was good medicine for the times. Yet, however broad Frank's 1930 language, later on the bench he loyally acknowledged the compulsive force of legal rules. As a lower court judge, he decided cases in accordance with what he found the law to be—and on occasion he made clear in addenda what he thought it ought to be.Llewellyn, too, changed his mind. In 1934 he had said, “The theory that rules decide cases seems for a century to have fooled, not only library-ridden recluses, but judges.” Seventeen years later he confessed that his earlier behavioral descriptions of law contained “unhappy words when not more fully developed, and they are plainly at best a very partial statement of the whole truth.”In short, after their initial enthusiasm, these and other legal realists recognized that there is and must be law in the judicial process, as well as discretion. This was inevitable, for society can no more dispense with order and coherence than it can deny the demands of changing circumstance. We must have stability, yet we cannot stand still; and so the legal system inevitably has both static and dynamic qualities. Holmes put it in a thimble: “The … law is always approaching, and never reaching, consistency. It is forever adopting new principles from life at one end, and it always retains old ones from history at the other, which have not been absorbed or sloughed off. It will become entirely consistent only when it ceases to grow.”

scholarly journals Switching to a fibre-rich and low-fat diet increases colonic folate contents among African Americans

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen-Ming Chan ◽  
Susanne Aufreiter ◽  
Stephen J. O’Keefe ◽  
Deborah L. O’Connor
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Rural South ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Low Fat Diet ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Dietary Switch

How dietary patterns impact colonic bacterial biosynthesis of vitamins and utilization by humans is poorly understood. Our aim was to investigate whether a reciprocal dietary switch between rural South Africans (traditionally high fibre, low fat) and African Americans (Western diet of low fibre, high fat) affects colonic folate synthesis. Colonic evacuants were obtained from 20 rural South Africans and 20 African Americans consuming their usual diets at baseline. For 2 weeks thereafter, rural South Africans were provided with a Western diet (protein, 27%; fat, 52%; carbohydrate, 20%; and fibre, 8 g/day) and African Americans were provided with a high fibre, low-fat diet (protein, 16%; fat, 17%; carbohydrate, 63%; and fibre, 43 g/day). Colonic evacuants were again collected. No difference between groups at baseline in the folate content of 3-h evacuants was observed. The high-fibre, low-fat diet consumed by African Americans during the intervention produced a 41% increase in mean total folate content compared with baseline values (p = 0.0037). No change was observed in rural South Africans consuming a Western diet. Mean total folate content of colonic evacuants was higher among African Americans at the end of the dietary switch (3107 ± 1811 μg) compared with rural South Africans (2157 ± 1956 μg) (p = 0.0409). In conclusion, consistent with animal studies, switching from a Western diet to one higher in fibre and lower in fat can be expected to result in greater colonic folate content. Future research should confirm that these observations are not transitory and understand the contribution of transit-time to the findings.

Crossing the Black Atlantic

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Grant
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
African Americans ◽  
South African ◽  
Black Atlantic ◽  
State Repression ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Black South Africans ◽  
The U.S

This chapter explores how trans-Atlantic travel provided an important avenue through which black activists related to one another’s struggles. It also demonstrates how the U.S. and South African governments worked to regulate and restrict transnational black travel during the early Cold War. Focusing in on the lesser-known transatlantic journeys of Canada Lee, Sidney Poitier, and Z. K. and Frieda Matthews, the chapter argues that these individuals acted as important cultural translators that physically connected the struggle against racism in both countries. Finally, by tracing the international opposition to the removal of Paul Robeson’s passport, the chapter shows how experiences of state repression could be negotiated in ways that further strengthened bonds of solidarity between African Americans and black South Africans.

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