Individual characteristics and community context in decisions to divert or arrest

The Social Reintegration Program in Correctional facilities is not only aimed to reduce number of prisoners. But so far social reintegration aims at recovering the relationship, livelihood and life of WBP. WBP who get social reintegration programs such as Asimilasi Rumah, Cuti Bersyarat, Pembebasan Bersyarat, and Cuti Menjelang Bebas get guidance and supervision from the Correctional Center which is the responsibility of the social Advisers in the institution. This study based on qualitative descriptive method with the subject of Bapas Pamekasan clients who were selected by purposive sampling(adjusted to the research problem).The theory in this study is 4 dimensional elements in social research consisting of individual characteristics, (b) family relationships, (c) community context, and (d) state policy. Based on The results of the research, the Social Reintegration of Correctional Clients is a process of guidance and supervision carried out by the Social Adviser which has not been optimally implemented in accordance with the goal of life recovering, livelihood and life of the WBP. Social reintegration should be seen as a process of adjustment to the Correctional Client so that his relationship can be recovered socially and economically. The 4 Dimensions in social Research Balai Pemasyarakatan carried out by PK Bapas must be recreated after he gets Social Reintegration because the 4 dimensions are dynamic. This 4-dimensional approach in society research is the initial base for PKs to carry out guidance and supervision for those built by Social Reintegration. Keywords: Social Reintegration, 4 dimensions of Litmas (Society Research), Client Guidance

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Transnational Twist: Pecuniary Remittances and the Socioeconomic Integration of Authorized and Unauthorized Mexican Immigrants in Los Angeles County

International Migration Review ◽

10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00256.x ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 69-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Enrico A. Marcelli ◽

B. Lindsay Lowell

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Los Angeles ◽

Los Angeles County ◽

Mexican Immigrants ◽

The United States ◽

Neighborhood Context ◽

Immigrant Integration ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Community Context ◽

The Impact

Annual U.S.-Mexico pecuniary remittances are estimated to have more than doubled recently to at least $10 billion – augmenting interest among policymakers, financial institutions, and transnational migrant communities concerning how relatively poor expatriate Mexicans sustain such large transfers and the impact on immigrant integration in the United States. We employ the 2001 Los Angeles County Mexican Immigrant Residency Status Survey (LAC-MIRSS) to investigate how individual characteristics and social capital traditionally associated with integration, neighborhood context, and various investments in the United States influenced remitting in 2000. Remitting is estimated to have been inversely related to conventional integration metrics and influenced by community context in both sending and receiving areas. Contrary to straight-line assimilation theories and more consistent with a transnational or nonlinear perspective, however, remittances are also estimated to have been positively related to immigrant homeownership in Los Angeles County and negatively associated with having had public health insurance such as Medicaid.

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Travelling for abortion services in Mexico 2016–2019: community-level contexts of Mexico City public abortion clients

BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health ◽

10.1136/bmjsrh-2021-201079 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. bmjsrh-2021-201079

Author(s):

Laura E Jacobson ◽

Biani Saavedra-Avendano ◽

Evelyn Fuentes-Rivera ◽

Raffaela Schiavon ◽

Blair G Darney

Keyword(s):

Mexico City ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Contextual Information ◽

Unmet Need ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Community Context ◽

Descriptive Statistics ◽

Fertility Rates ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Adolescent Fertility

ObjectiveTo describe the community context of women who travel to access Mexico City’s public sector abortion programme and identify factors associated with travelling from highly marginalised settings.MethodsWe used data from the Interrupción Legal de Embarazo (ILE) programme (2016–2019) and identified all abortion clients who travelled from outside Mexico City. We merged in contextual information at the municipality level and used descriptive statistics to describe ILE clients’ individual characteristics and municipalities on several measures of vulnerability. We also compared municipalities that ILE clients travelled from with those where no one travelled from. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with travelling to access ILE services from highly marginalised versus less marginalised municipalities.ResultsOur sample included 21 629 ILE clients who travelled to Mexico City from 491 municipalities within all 31 states outside Mexico City. The majority of clients travelled from the least marginalised (81.9%) and most populated (over 100 000 inhabitants; 91.3%) municipalities. Most (91.2%) ILE clients came from municipalities with adolescent fertility rates in the bottom three quintiles. Clients with a primary or secondary education (vs high school or more) and those from a municipality with a high adolescent fertility rate (top two quintiles) had higher odds of travelling from a highly marginalised (vs less) municipality (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.46, 95% CI 1.35 to 1.58 and aOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.68 to 2.12, respectively).ConclusionILE clients travel from geographically and socioeconomically diverse communities. There is an unmet need for legal abortion across Mexico.

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Neighborhood Structure and Fear of Crime in Urban China: Disorder As a Neighborhood Process

International Annals of Criminology ◽

10.1017/s0003445200000064 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 51 (1-2) ◽

pp. 57-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jianhong Liu

Keyword(s):

Public Policy ◽

Neighborhood Effects ◽

Fear Of Crime ◽

Neighborhood Context ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Community Context ◽

Urban China ◽

Social Aspect ◽

The Impact

SummaryFear of crime has always been a major topic in the popular media and for public policy. Consequences of fear of crime are salient for citizens' and the community's quality of life. Since the late 1970s, there has been a much scholarly attention paid to the role of disorder in producing fear of crime and further producing adverse community consequences. Particularly influential works were Wilson and Kelling's paper (1982) and Skogan's work (1990); these works greatly influenced public policy in the late 1980s and early 1990s (Greene and Taylor 1988; Ferraro 1994). The salient feature of this research is its emphasis on the role of community context, analyzing how disorder generates fear of crime and leads to community decline at the street block and neighborhood level. The impact of fear of crime extends beyond the victims of the crimes, and indicates the salience of the social aspect of fear of crime. Therefore, neighborhood effects are highly relevant to the understanding of fear of crime. Scholars have recognized that individuals' fear is better understood within a neighborhood or community context. The purpose of the present study is to build upon prior work to address critical questions of neighborhood effects on fear of crime under context of contemporary urban China. Using multilevel analyses of data from Tianjing, China, this paper found that neighborhood context variables have effect on fear of crime independent of individual characteristics.

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СПРЕМНОСТ ДЕТЕТА ЗА ШКОЛУ: ЗНАЧАЈ СПРЕМНОСТИ И ИНТЕРАКЦИЈЕ МИКРОСИСТЕМСКИХ РАЗВОЈНИХ ОКРУЖЕЊА

TEME ◽

10.22190/teme180410018z ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 231

Author(s):

Slađana Zuković ◽

Kristina Krstić

Keyword(s):

School Readiness ◽

Good Practice ◽

School Context ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Community Context ◽

Educational Context ◽

Interactive Approach ◽

Education Environment ◽

The One ◽

New Education

Starting elementary school is an important step on the education ladder of every child, and the result of adequate school readiness is reflected in the child's feeling of belonging to the school community and the motivation for accomplishing school success. Bearing in mind, on the one hand, different individual characteristics of every child, and, on the other, new and different experiences when starting school, there is a tendency to re-examine the factors shaping (and influencing) the child's readiness for school. Starting from a brief retrospect of the approaches that review the phenomenon of school readiness, the essence of this paper consists of an interactive approach which, beside the importance of individual children's characteristics, also emphasizes the significance of conditions in the microsystem of the development environments in which the child spends their time, as well as their synergistic actions. In this manner, while following the contemporary construction of the term “school readiness,” the focus of this paper is set on the review of the hallmarks in family and institution (pre-school and school) context, as well as in the community context, and the possibility of a joint action of the development environments through examples of good practice in our educational context. Although each of these mentioned microsystem environments individually contributes to children's school readiness, it can be concluded that the best effects are accomplished through their interaction which leads to the continuity of influence and the maximum of reaching children's potentials in new education environment.

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The Influence of Language Context on Repetitive Speech Use in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/2019_ajslp-19-00003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 327-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Allison Gladfelter ◽

Cassidy VanZuiden

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Receptive Vocabulary ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

School Age Children ◽

Social Responsiveness ◽

Contributing Factors ◽

Children With Asd ◽

Language Context

Purpose Although repetitive speech is a hallmark characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the contributing factors that influence repetitive speech use remain unknown. The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine if the language context impacts the amount and type of repetitive speech produced by children with ASD. Method As part of a broader word-learning study, 11 school-age children with ASD participated in two different language contexts: storytelling and play. Previously collected language samples were transcribed and coded for four types of repetitive speech: immediate echolalia, delayed echolalia, verbal stereotypy, and vocal stereotypy. The rates and proportions of repetitive speech were compared across the two language contexts using Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests. Individual characteristics were further explored using Spearman correlations. Results The children produced lower rates of repetitive speech during the storytelling context than the play-based context. Only immediate echolalia differed between the two contexts based on rate and approached significance based on proportion, with more immediate echolalia produced in the play-based context than in the storytelling context. There were no significant correlations between repetitive speech and measures of social responsiveness, expressive or receptive vocabulary, or nonverbal intelligence. Conclusions The children with ASD produced less immediate echolalia in the storytelling context than in the play-based context. Immediate echolalia use was not related to social skills, vocabulary, or nonverbal IQ scores. These findings offer valuable insights into better understanding repetitive speech use in children with ASD.

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Predicting Stock Market Performance

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001/a000330 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Thomas Plieger ◽

Thomas Grünhage ◽

Éilish Duke ◽

Martin Reuter

Keyword(s):

Stock Market ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Life Stress ◽

Price Volatility ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Self Report ◽

Financial Behavior ◽

Market Simulation ◽

Stock Market Performance ◽

Risk Taking Behavior

Abstract. Gender and personality traits influence risk proneness in the context of financial decisions. However, most studies on this topic have relied on either self-report data or on artificial measures of financial risk-taking behavior. Our study aimed to identify relevant trading behaviors and personal characteristics related to trading success. N = 108 Caucasians took part in a three-week stock market simulation paradigm, in which they traded shares of eight fictional companies that differed in issue price, volatility, and outcome. Participants also completed questionnaires measuring personality, risk-taking behavior, and life stress. Our model showed that being male and scoring high on self-directedness led to more risky financial behavior, which in turn positively predicted success in the stock market simulation. The total model explained 39% of the variance in trading success, indicating a role for other factors in influencing trading behavior. Future studies should try to enrich our model to get a more accurate impression of the associations between individual characteristics and financially successful behavior in context of stock trading.

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