Unionization and Labour-market Discrimination: A Closer Look at Non-unionized Workers

This paper analyses the dynamic transitions of self-employment in four states of the Canadian labour market (paid-employment, self-employment, unemployment, and being out of the labour force) by answering three core questions: (1) What are the determinants of the transitions into and out of the four labour market states? (2) Are the probabilities of transitions between immigrants and natives significantly different, and if so, are they due to entry–exit rate gaps between immigrants and natives? (3) What are the proportions of spurious and structural state dependence in the labour market states of immigrants and natives? Our analysis was based on longitudinal data from Canada’s Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) for males aged 25 to 55 for the period 1993 to 2004. Our results revealed that immigrants rather than natives are relatively more likely to be self-employed during the unemployment period. The findings also confirmed that males with positive investment income or wealth tended to be largely self-employed. From a policy perspective, the government provision of financial support towards self-employment positively benefits natives in seeking self-employment opportunities. Government policies to lessen labour market discrimination promotes the self-employment of immigrants.

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What does someone's gender identity signal to employers?

International Journal of Manpower ◽

10.1108/ijm-03-2019-0164 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 753-777 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hannah Van Borm ◽

Marlot Dhoop ◽

Allien Van Acker ◽

Stijn Baert

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Parental Leave ◽

Business Students ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Lower Probability ◽

Multiple Mediation ◽

Content Type ◽

Hiring Discrimination ◽

Labour Market Discrimination ◽

Transgender Men

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the mechanisms underlying hiring discrimination against transgender men.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conduct a scenario experiment with final-year business students in which fictitious hiring decisions are made about transgender or cisgender male job candidates. More importantly, these candidates are scored on statements related to theoretical reasons for hiring discrimination given in the literature. The resulting data are analysed using a bivariate analysis. Additionally, a multiple mediation model is run.FindingsSuggestive evidence is found for co-worker and customer taste-based discrimination, but not for employer taste-based discrimination. In addition, results show that transgender men are perceived as being in worse health, being more autonomous and assertive, and have a lower probability to go on parental leave, compared with cisgender men, revealing evidence for (positive and negative) statistical discrimination.Social implicationsTargeted policy measures are needed given the substantial labour market discrimination against transgender individuals measured in former studies. However, to combat this discrimination effectively, one needs to understand its underlying mechanisms. This study provides the first comprehensive exploration of these mechanisms.Originality/valueThis study innovates in being one of the first to explore the relative empirical importance of dominant (theoretical) explanations for hiring discrimination against transgender men. Thereby, the authors take the logical next step in the literature on labour market discrimination against transgender individuals.

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