scholarly journals Byssal re‐attachment behavior in the winged pearl oyster Pteria penguin in response to low salinity levels

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hebert Ely Vasquez ◽  
Zheng Xing ◽  
Xin Zhan ◽  
Zhifeng Gu ◽  
Aimin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Oyster ◽  
Attachment Behavior ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Pteria Penguin ◽  
Salinity Levels

scholarly journals Water Salinity Should Be Reduced for Irrigation to Minimize Its Risk of Increased Soil N2O Emissions

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 2114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Wei ◽  
Junzeng Xu ◽  
Linxian Liao ◽  
Yawei Li ◽  
Haiyu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saline Water ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Salinity Level ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Nitrogen Inputs ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
N2o Fluxes ◽  
Moisture Dynamics ◽  
Irrigated Soils

To reveal the effect of irrigation salinity on soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, pot experiments were designed with three irrigation salinity levels (NaCl and CaCl2 of 1, 2.5 and 4 g/L equivalence, Ec = 3.6, 8.1 and 12.7 ds/m), either for 0 kg N/ha (N0) or 120 kg N/ha (N120) nitrogen inputs. N2O emissions from soils irrigated at different salinity levels varied in a similar pattern which was triggered by soil moisture dynamics. Yet, the magnitudes of pulse N2O fluxes were significantly varied, with the peak flux at 5 g/L irrigation salinity level being much higher than at 2 and 8 g/L. Compared to fresh water irrigated soils, cumulative N2O fluxes were reduced by 22.7% and 39.6% (N0), 29.1% and 39.2% (N120) for soils irrigated with 2 and 8 g/L saline water, while they were increased by 87.7% (N0) and 58.3% (N120) for soils irrigated with 5 g/L saline water. These results suggested that the effect degree of salinity on consumption and production of N2O might vary among irrigation salinity ranges. As such, desalinating brackish water to a low salinity level (such as 2 g/L) before it is used for irrigation might be helpful for solving water resources crises and mitigating soil N2O emissions.

scholarly journals Physiological Effects of Low Salinity Exposure on Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abby M. McClain ◽  
Risa Daniels ◽  
Forrest M. Gomez ◽  
Sam H. Ridgway ◽  
Ryan Takeshita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Tursiops Truncatus ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Seawater Environment ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Free Ranging

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) have a worldwide distribution in temperate and tropical waters and often inhabit estuarine environments, indicating their ability to maintain homeostasis in low salinity for limited periods of time. Epidermal and biochemical changes associated with low salinity exposure have been documented in stranded bottlenose dolphins; however, these animals are often found severely debilitated or deceased and in poor condition. Dolphins in the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program travel globally, navigating varied environments comparable to those in which free-ranging dolphins are observed. A retrospective analysis was performed of medical records from 46 Navy dolphins and blood samples from 43 Navy dolphins exposed to a variety of salinity levels for different durations over 43 years (from 1967–2010). Blood values from samples collected during low salinity environmental exposure (salinity ranging from 0–30 parts per thousand (ppt) were compared to samples collected while those same animals were in a seawater environment (31–35 ppt). Epidermal changes associated with low salinity exposure were also assessed. Significant decreases in serum sodium, chloride, and calculated serum osmolality and significant increases in blood urea nitrogen and aldosterone were observed in blood samples collected during low salinity exposure. Epidermal changes were observed in 35% of the animals that spent time in low salinity waters. The prevalence of epidermal changes was inversely proportional to the level of salinity to which the animals were exposed. Future work is necessary to fully comprehend the impacts of low salinity exposure in bottlenose dolphins, but the physiological changes observed in this study will help improve our understanding of the upper limit of duration and the lower limit of salinity in which a bottlenose dolphin can maintain homeostasis.

scholarly journals Chemically Mediated Microbial “Gardening” Capacity of a Seaweed Holobiont Is Dynamic

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1893
Author(s):  
Mahasweta Saha ◽  
Shawn Dove ◽  
Florian Weinberger
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Aquatic Flora ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Over Time

Terrestrial plants are known to “garden” the microbiota of their rhizosphere via released metabolites (that can attract beneficial microbes and deter pathogenic microbes). Such a “gardening” capacity is also known to be dynamic in plants. Although microbial “gardening” has been recently demonstrated for seaweeds, we do not know whether this capacity is a dynamic property in any aquatic flora like in terrestrial plants. Here, we tested the dynamic microbial “gardening” capacity of seaweeds using the model invasive red seaweed Agarophyton vermiculophyllum. Following an initial extraction of surface-associated metabolites (immediately after field collection), we conducted a long-term mesocosm experiment for 5 months to test the effect of two different salinities (low = 8.5 and medium = 16.5) on the microbial “gardening” capacity of the alga over time. We tested “gardening” capacity of A. vermiculophyllum originating from two different salinity levels (after 5 months treatments) in settlement assays against three disease causing pathogenic bacteria and seven protective bacteria. We also compared the capacity of the alga with field-collected samples. Abiotic factors like low salinity significantly increased the capacity of the alga to deter colonization by pathogenic bacteria while medium salinity significantly decreased the capacity of the alga over time when compared to field-collected samples. However, capacity to attract beneficial bacteria significantly decreased at both tested salinity levels when compared to field-collected samples. Dynamic microbial “gardening” capacity of a seaweed to attract beneficial bacteria and deter pathogenic bacteria is demonstrated for the first time. Such a dynamic capacity as found in the current study could also be applicable to other aquatic host–microbe interactions. Our results may provide an attractive direction of research towards manipulation of salinity and other abiotic factors leading to better defended A. vermiculophyllum towards pathogenic bacteria thereby enhancing sustained production of healthy A. vermiculophyllum in farms.

Factors influencing the quality of half-pearls (mabé) produced by the winged pearl oyster,Pteria penguin(Röding, 1758)

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranesh Kishore ◽  
Paul Southgate ◽  
Johnson Seeto ◽  
Justin Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Oyster ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Pteria Penguin

Physiological energetics of the estuarine crab Hemigrapsus crenulatus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Varunidae): responses to different salinity levels

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Urbina ◽  
Kurt Paschke ◽  
Paulina Gebauer ◽  
Oscar R. Chaparro
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Assimilation Efficiency ◽  
Decapod Crustacean ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Physiological Energetics

Hemigrapsus crenulatus is an abundant and frequent decapod crustacean inhabiting estuarine environments, where it must tolerate large shifts in salinity. The present study evaluates the effect of salinity (5, 13, 21 and 30 psu) on the adult physiological processes related to the energy balance. The growth potential (SFG) and the respired oxygen:excreted nitrogen ratio were used as indices of stress. Ingestion, excretion and respiration rates showed a significant dependence on salinity, being higher at low salinities. The assimilation efficiency remained constant along the studied salinity gradient. The assimilation and ingestion rates were inversely related with the salinity. Given this scenario, the growth potential remained constant within the studied salinity gradient, as did the oxygen:nitrogen ratio. The results suggest that the increased energy losses at low salinity due to respiration and excretion are compensated by an increment in the ingestion rate, contributing to the success of H. crenulatus in dynamic habitats such as estuaries.

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