Development of Improved Feeding Methods in the Culture of Yellow Tang, Zebrasoma flavescens

Проведена статистическая обработка сформированной базы данных показателей неспецифической резистентности MS «Excel» с целью изучения динамики иммунитета по параметрам бактерицидной, лизоцимной и фагоцитарной активности у крупного рогатого скота черно-пестрой породы разных возрастов. Было установлено, что средние значения показателей лизоцимной и бактерицидной активности у телят в 6 мес были ниже (47,89% и 49,09%, соответственно), чем у животных в 3—4 года (53,75% и 52,81%). Выведено уравнение регрессии, описывающее взаимосвязь между средними показателями фагоцитарной активности и возрастом при высокой степени достоверности (R2=0,90). Изменения лизоцимной и бактерицидной активности в зависимости от возраста были недостоверными (R2=0,58 и R2=0,49, соответственно). Установлена высокая корреляция между бактерицидной и лизоцимной активностью. Отмечена динамика изменения неспецифического иммунитета у коров различных возрастных групп. Создание баз данных и постоянный мониторинг основных показателей естественной резистентности в зависимости от различных факторов (породы, возраста, стадий лактации, кормления, способов содержания), которые влияют на данные показатели, необходимо для оценки физиологического состояния организма животных и их устойчивости к болезням. Statistical processing of the generated MS "Excel" on indicators of non-specific resistance database was carried out with the aim of studying the dynamics of the development of immunity in terms of bactericidal, lysozyme and phagocytic activity in black-and-white cattle of different ages. It was found that the average values of indicators of lysozyme and bactericidal activity in calves at 6 months were lower (47.89% and 49.09%, respectively) than in animals at the age of 3—4 years (53.75% and 52.81%). The equation of regression was derived, it describes the relationship between the average indicators of phagocytic activity and the age with a high degree of reliability (R2=0.90). The changes in lysozyme and bactericidal activity depending on age were dubious (R2=0.58 and R2=0.49, respectively). The high correlation between bactericidal and lysozyme activity was established. It was noticed that the cows of different age groups experienced the dynamics of changes in nonspecific immunity. The creation of databases and constant monitoring of the main indicators of natural resistance, depending on various factors (breed, age, stages of lactation, feeding, methods of keeping) that affect these indicators, is necessary for assessing the physiological state of the animals’ body of and their resistance to diseases.

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Breastfeeding Child Development

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/156482659601700423 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 1-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ernesto Pollitt ◽

Patricia Kariger

Keyword(s):

Low Birthweight ◽

Normal Development ◽

Developmental Outcomes ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Early Feeding ◽

Mental Test Score ◽

Healthy Development ◽

Breastfed Infants ◽

Feeding Methods ◽

Long Chain

The literature reviewed in this article suggests that breastfeeding positively influences cognitive development. Studies comparing the effects of early feeding methods on cognition consistently show mental test score advantages for breastfed infants over bottlefed subjects. Also, breastfeeding may function as a buffer against adverse developmental outcomes from early traumatic events such as low birthweight or neurologic insults. It is recognized that breastmilk contains long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are necessary for the normal development of the retina and cerebrum. Yet, breastfeeding may not always promote optimal development in children. Infants breastfed by mothers using alcohol or marijuana have lower scores on developmental tests. Thus, while breastfeeding has the potential for contributing to the healthy development of infants, it may also be capable of transferring toxic substances known to interfere with normal development.

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Frequency-Dependent Feeding Methods for Broadband Vivaldi Arrays with Minimum Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW) Variation

IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation ◽

10.1109/ojap.2021.3075418 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-1

Author(s):

Dakotah J. Simpson ◽

Dimitra Psychogiou

Keyword(s):

Frequency Dependent ◽

Feeding Methods ◽

Half Power

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Current maternal attitudes to infant feeding methods

Child Care Health and Development ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2214.1981.tb00832.x ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 145-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

M. LOUISE LYON ◽

GILL CHILVER ◽

D. G. WHITE ◽

ANNE WOOLLETT

Keyword(s):

Infant Feeding ◽

Maternal Attitudes ◽

Feeding Methods

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Ethical Issues in the Feeding of Patients Suffering from Dementia: a focus group study of hospital staff responses to conflicting principles

Nursing Ethics ◽

10.1191/0969733002ne554oa ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 599-611 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Stephen Wilmot ◽

Lesley Legg ◽

Janice Barratt

Keyword(s):

Focus Groups ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

Hospital Staff ◽

Care Staff ◽

Ethical Principles ◽

Focus Group Study ◽

Feeding Difficulties ◽

National Health Service Trust ◽

Feeding Methods ◽

Personal Attitudes

Feeding difficulties in older patients who are suffering from dementia present problems with balancing conflicting ethical principles. They have been considered by several writers in recent years, and the views of nursing and care staff have been studied in different contexts. The present study used focus groups to explore the way in which nursing and care staff in a National Health Service trust deal with conflict between ethical principles in this area. Three focus groups were convened, one each from the staff of three wards caring for patients with dementia. Case histories were discussed and transcripts analysed. It emerged that staff were aware of making fine judgements of utility concerning the spectrum of feeding methods available. Informants gave some weight to the principle of autonomy, but sought to balance that against their commitment to care. In explaining their perspectives, informants gave more weight to personal attitudes and trust culture than to professional ethics

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On the Structure, Division, and Systematic Position of Trichomonas vaginalis Donné, with a Note on its Methods of Feeding

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.s3-88.1.79 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol s3-88 (1) ◽

pp. 79-98

Author(s):

R. S. HAWES

Keyword(s):

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Nuclear Organization ◽

Systematic Position ◽

Simple Method ◽

Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽

Posterior Flagellum ◽

Feeding Methods ◽

Cytoplasmic Structures ◽

Structure Division

1. Trichomonas vaginalis has been cultivated on various media and a simple method of maintaining cultures on Boeck and Drbohlav's egg-Ringer-albumen medium is described. 2. The feeding methods of the flagellates in culture have been studied and some evidence of extracellular digestion is recorded. 3. When cultivated on media deficient in carbohydrate, T. vaginalis is reduced to the dimensions of T. hominis, but when adequately fed it maintains its distinctively larger size. Out of forty-eight strains of T. vaginalis, only two developed in culture the long undulating membrane and free posterior flagellum typical of T. hominis in nature. 4. The structure of T. vaginalis has been reinvestigated. (i) It differs constantly and significantly from the intestinal trichomonads of man in size, nuclear organization, and the form of the axostyle and basal fibre, (ii) It also differs from T. hominis in the characters of its parabasal apparatus and cytoplasmic inclusions, and, in nature, in the length of its undulating membrane and in lacking a free posterior flagellum, but for reasons discussed in the text these points are at present considered less reliable in diagnosis than those given under 4 (i). 5. It is concluded that T. vaginalis is a species distinct from all other human trichomonads. 6. The method of division has been described. In general, it follows the same course as T. hominis, but separation of the old, and growth of the new, cytoplasmic structures occurs somewhat later in T. vaginalis, and the old axostyle is retained throughout division. There are five chromosomes, formed during prophase from aggregations of extra-karyosomatic granules.

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Community dynamics in Fijian coral reef fish communities vary with conservation and shark-based tourism

Pacific Conservation Biology ◽

10.1071/pc18045 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 363

Author(s):

Mallory G. McKeon ◽

Joshua A. Drew

Keyword(s):

Community Dynamics ◽

Local Community ◽

Census Data ◽

Fish Abundance ◽

Full Potential ◽

Community Members ◽

Composition And Structure ◽

Feeding Methods ◽

Abundance And Diversity ◽

Unprotected Area

Marine protected areas (MPAs) effectively improve the biomass and diversity in heavily exploited marine systems, but often fail to reach their full potential because they require more space, time, and consistency of regulation. Recently, shark-based tourism, which utilises some of the remaining shark strongholds as tourism hotspots, has brought about increased awareness to exploited reef systems. In Fiji, specifically, shark diving companies include local community members in their operations to promote better understanding of their reefs. We seek to investigate whether seemingly denser shark populations during feeding times influence community composition and structure. Visual census data were collected from 50-m belt transects at four different reefs in Fiji: two MPAs with shark-based ecotourism with food provisioning, one MPA without shark-based ecotourism, and one unprotected area without shark-based tourism. Paradoxically, indices of evenness and diversity were highest in the non-protected site. However, there was significantly higher fish abundance and species diversity within reserves than outside of reserves. Within reserves, sites with shark feeding had lower fish abundance and higher richness, diversity, and evenness. Mean trophic level was highest at sites with shark feeding. Use of chum increased average fish abundance and diversity within shark-dive sites. These results indicate that there are evident differences between MPAs that do and do not offer trophic supplementation for shark-based ecotourism. Thus, tourism may be facilitating a shift of ecosystem composition in such areas. Furthermore, the results suggest that feeding methods may augment the impacts of shark-based tourism on the reef at large.

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Maintenance of the selected infant feeding methods amongst postnatal mothers at risk of HIV in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Health SA Gesondheid ◽

10.4102/hsag.v18i1.585 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth M. Yako ◽

Noreen P.B. Nzama

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Infant Feeding ◽

Hiv And Aids ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Chi Square ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Feeding Method ◽

Feeding Methods ◽

Aids Study ◽

Hiv Negative

The focus of this study was to explore and describe influences on decision making related to infant feeding methods in the context of HIV and AIDS. Study objectives were: (1) to explore and describe the influences on decision making related to infant feeding methods selected by the mother during the antenatal period and (2) to describe the reasons related to a change in infant feeding method in the postnatal period. This cross-sectional study used the quantitative approach and a descriptive design. A convenience sample of 60 mothers in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme participated in this study. Data were collected six weeks post-delivery and analysed using SPSS 17.0 software for Windows. The mean age of the mothers was 26.5 years, range 19 to 41 years (SD 5.3). At six weeks 73% (n = 44) of the mothers maintained the infant feeding method selected antenatally and 27% (n = 16) had changed methods. Using a Chi-square test, the difference between groups was significant (x2 [df 1] = 19, p < 0.000). Every HIV-positive mother (100%, n = 28) continued with the method selected antenatally, compared with 50% (n = 16) of all HIV-negative mothers (n = 32). The reasons for deciding to change methods included going back to school or work; illness of babies; painful breasts; and advice from significant others. Most mothers maintained the feeding methods selected antenatally. HIV-positive mothers were more likely to adhere to the initial decisions made antenatally than HIV-negative mothers.Hierdie studie is gedoen om deeglike navorsing uit te voer en om ‘n beskrywende verslag te kan lewer rakende die invloed van besluitneming met die voedings metodes op babas in die konteks van MIV en VIGS. (1) Deeglike navorsing om beskrywende verslag te kan lewer rakende die besluitnemings met betrekking tot die baba voedings metodes wat deur die moeder geselekteer is gedurende die voorgeboorte periode, en (2) om die redes te beskryf aangaande die verandering in die baba voedings metode nageboortelike periode.Kwantitiewe benadering was gebruik, waartydens 60 moeders deelgeneem het, aan die oordraagbaarheid van moeder na baba. Inligting was ingewin ses weke na geboorte van die baba. Die gemiddelde ouderdom van die moeders was 26.5 jaar, gewissel tussen die ouderdomme van 19 tot 41 jaar (SD 5.3). Op ses weke het 73% (n = 44) van die moeders volgehou met die voedingsmetode wat hulle geselekteer het voorgeboortelik. Sewe-en-twintig (n = 16) het die verkose metodes verander. Die ‘Chi-square’ toets was gebruik, en die verskil tussen die groepe was beduidend (x² [df 1] = 19, p < 0.000). Elke MIV-positiewe moeder (100%, n = 28) het voortgegaan met die metode wat hulle voorgeboortelik verkies het, in vergeleke met 50% van moeders (n = 16) wat MIV negatief was (n = 32). Die redes vir die veranderings, was om teruggekeer na hul werk of skool, borste wat pyn en deur die invloed van ander invloedryke mense. Die meeste moeders het gebly by hul metode wat hulle voorgeboortelik gekies het, spesiaal MIV-positiewe moeders.

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