scholarly journals The symmetry of competitive interactions in mixed Norway spruce, silver fir and European beech forests

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Mina ◽  
Miren del Río ◽  
Markus O. Huber ◽  
Esther Thürig ◽  
Brigitte Rohner
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Beech Forests

scholarly journals Biotic and Abiotic Determinants of Soil Organic Matter Stock and Fine Root Biomass in Mountain Area Temperate Forests—Examples from Cambisols under European Beech, Norway Spruce and Silver Fir (Carpathians, Central Europe)

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 823
Author(s):  
Anna Zielonka ◽  
Marek Drewnik ◽  
Łukasz Musielok ◽  
Marcin K. Dyderski ◽  
Dariusz Struzik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Beech Forests

Forest ecosystems significantly contribute to the global organic carbon (OC) pool, exhibiting high spatial heterogeneity in this respect. Some of the components of the OC pool in a forest (woody aboveground biomass (wAGB), coarse root biomass (CRB)) can be relatively easily estimated using readily available data from land observation and forest inventories, while some of the components of the OC pool are very difficult to determine (fine root biomass (FRB) and soil organic matter (SOM) stock). The main objectives of our study were to: (1) estimate the SOM stock; (2) estimate FRB; and (3) assess the relationship between both biotic (wAGB, forest age, foliage, stand density) and abiotic factors (climatic conditions, relief, soil properties) and SOM stocks and FRB in temperate forests in the Western Carpathians consisting of European beech, Norway spruce, and silver fir (32 forest inventory plots in total). We uncovered the highest wAGB in beech forests and highest SOM stocks under beech forest. FRB was the highest under fir forest. We noted a considerable impact of stand density on SOM stocks, particularly in beech and spruce forests. FRB content was mostly impacted by stand density only in beech forests without any discernible effects on other forest characteristics. We discovered significant impacts of relief-dependent factors and SOM stocks at all the studied sites. Our biomass and carbon models informed by more detailed environmental data led to reduce the uncertainty in over- and underestimation in Cambisols under beech, spruce, and fir forests for mountain temperate forest carbon pools.

scholarly journals Carbon and Nitrogen Pools and Fluxes in Adjacent Mature Norway Spruce and European Beech Forests

Forests ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Oulehle ◽  
Michal Růžek ◽  
Karolina Tahovská ◽  
Jiří Bárta ◽  
Oldřich Myška
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Beech Forests ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Pools

scholarly journals Modeliranje višinske in debelinske rasti dominantnih dreves ter ocenjevanje indeksov produkcijske sposobnosti gozdnih rastišč

2021 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Andrej Bončina ◽  
Vasilije Trifković ◽  
Živa Bončina
Keyword(s):  
Growth Models ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Site Productivity ◽  
Beech Forests ◽  
Sessile Oak ◽  
Diameter Increment

Modeling the height and diameter growth of trees is an important part of forest management. Growth models provide the basis for determining the thinning regime, target tree dimensions and optimal proportions of developmental phases of forest stands. We developed individual height growth models for dominant Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in two forest types (sessile oak-European beech forests and pre-Alpine silver fir-European beech forests). Based on the models, the site productivity index (SPI), defined as the dominant tree height at a diameter of 45 cm, was determined for spruce and beech in both forest types. Based on the diameter increment of the dominant trees, the age of trees in regard to their diameter was calculated, which was the basis for Height-Age modeling. The site productivity index (SPI) of spruce in sessile oak-beech forests and pre-Alpine silver fir-European beech forests is higher than that of beech: 31.3 and 29.7 vs 28.7 and 27.9, respectively. Estimated site indices (SI; dominant tree height at the age of 100 years) in sessile oak- European beech forests and pre-Alpine silver fir-European beech forests were 33.4 and 32.0 for spruce, and 29.0 and 27.0 for beech, respectively. Using the described procedure, it is possible to determine indices of site productivity of spruce and beech (SI and SPI) in the selected forest habitat types. Testing the procedure in other forest types and for other tree species is suggested.

Selection effects of air pollution on gene pools of Norway spruce, European silver fir and European beech

2001 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Longauer ◽  
Dušan Gömöry ◽  
Ladislav Paule ◽  
David F Karnosky ◽  
Blanka Maňkovská ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Selection Effects

scholarly journals Efficacy of Trans-geographic Observational Network Design for Revelation of Growth Pattern in Mountain Forests Across Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 141-187
Author(s):  
H. Pretzsch ◽  
T. Hilmers ◽  
E. Uhl ◽  
M. del Río ◽  
A. Avdagić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Statistical Evaluation ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Mountain Forests ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Yield Data

AbstractUnderstanding tree and stand growth dynamics in the frame of climate change calls for large-scale analyses. For analysing growth patterns in mountain forests across Europe, the CLIMO consortium compiled a network of observational plots across European mountain regions. Here, we describe the design and efficacy of this network of plots in monospecific European beech and mixed-species stands of Norway spruce, European beech, and silver fir.First, we sketch the state of the art of existing monitoring and observational approaches for assessing the growth of mountain forests. Second, we introduce the design, measurement protocols, as well as site and stand characteristics, and we stress the innovation of the newly compiled network. Third, we give an overview of the growth and yield data at stand and tree level, sketch the growth characteristics along elevation gradients, and introduce the methods of statistical evaluation. Fourth, we report additional measurements of soil, genetic resources, and climate smartness indicators and criteria, which were available for statistical evaluation and testing hypotheses. Fifth, we present the ESFONET (European Smart Forest Network) approach of data and knowledge dissemination. The discussion is focussed on the novelty and relevance of the database, its potential for monitoring, understanding and management of mountain forests toward climate smartness, and the requirements for future assessments and inventories.In this chapter, we describe the design and efficacy of this network of plots in monospecific European beech and mixed-species stands of Norway spruce, European beech, and silver fir. We present how to acquire and evaluate data from individual trees and the whole stand to quantify and understand the growth of mountain forests in Europe under climate change. It will provide concepts, models, and practical hints for analogous trans-geographic projects that may be based on the existing and newly recorded data on forests.

scholarly journals Growth response of mixed beech forests to climate change, various management and game pressure in Central Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 331-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Vacek ◽  
Anna Prokůpková ◽  
Zdeněk Vacek ◽  
Daniel Bulušek ◽  
Václav Šimůnek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stand Structure ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Beech Forests ◽  
Great Density ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Growth Variability ◽  
Browsing Damage

The growth, structure and production of mixed beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests were analysed  in the Broumovsko Protected Landscape Area, Czech Republic. The objective of the paper was to evaluate stand structure, timber production and dynamics of forests with historically different silvicultural practices in relation to climate conditions, management and game damage. The results indicate that scree forests (coppices and coppices with standards) were stands with high-rich species diversity and structure compared to herb-rich beech forests (high forests) with higher timber production. The Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) was the most sensitive tree species compared to low growth variability in European beech. The climate factors had the highest effect on radial growth from June to August. Natural regeneration showed great density potential (13,880–186,462 recruits·ha<sup>–1</sup>), especially in expansion of maples and European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). However, recruits were seriously limiting by damage caused by hoofed game, especially in silver fir (Abies alba Mill.; 53% browsing damage), wych elm (Ulmus glabra Hudson; 51%) and rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.; 50%).

scholarly journals Prediction of Competition Indices in a Norway Spruce and Silver Fir-Dominated Forest Using Lidar Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 2734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Versace ◽  
Gianelle ◽  
Frizzera ◽  
Tognetti ◽  
Garfì ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Competition Indices

Competitive interactions are important predictors of tree growth. Spatial and temporal changes in resource availability, and variation in species and spatial patterning of trees alter competitive interactions, thus affecting tree growth and, hence, biomass. Competition indices are used to quantify the level of competition among trees. As these indices are normally computed only over small areas, where field measurements are done, it would be useful to have a tool to predict them over large areas. On this regard, remote sensing, and in particular light detection and ranging (lidar) data, could be the perfect tool. The objective of this study was to use lidar metrics to predict competition (on the basis of distance-dependent competition indices) of individual trees and to relate them with tree aboveground biomass (AGB). The selected study area was a mountain forest area located in the Italian Alps. The analyses focused on the two dominant species of the area: Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst). The results showed that lidar metrics could be used to predict competition indices of individual trees (R2 above 0.66). Moreover, AGB decreased as competition increased, suggesting that variations in the availability of resources in the soil, and the ability of plants to withstand competition for light may influence the partitioning of biomass.

scholarly journals Langzeitforschung auf Sturmflächen zeigt Potenzial und Grenzen der Naturverjüngung

2015 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Brang ◽  
Sandra Hilfiker ◽  
Ulrich Wasem ◽  
Andreas Schwyzer ◽  
Thomas Wohlgemuth
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Forest Succession ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Storm Event ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Climax Species ◽  
Advance Regeneration

Long-term research on storm areas demonstrates the potential and the limits of natural regeneration After windthrow, questions arise about the appropriate silvicultural management. Answers can be derived from long-term studies on 19 storm-damaged areas caused by Vivian (1990) and Lothar (1999), which encompass cleared, cleared and planted as well as uncleared subareas. Forest succession on these areas was studied using repeated regeneration inventories. Ten resp. 20 years after the storms, the resulting young forests were 3–12 m tall and had a stem density of 500 to 31,400 per ha. Many tree species grow in the storm areas, with climax species like European beech (in the lowlands) and Norway spruce (in high-altitude forests) being most frequent. Advance regeneration has only a small share of the young stands, since seedlings were scarce in the pre-storm stands. Regeneration is slightly more dense on cleared than on uncleared storm areas. The yearly increase in seedling density ranged from 25 to 4,000 trees per ha, with low values occurring mainly if dense vegetation of tall forbs, bramble or bracken covered the ground. The increase in density has fallen since the storms, and in thickets with high stem numbers, the regeneration density has even started to decrease. Pionieer trees as well as sycamore maple and ash grow fastest, and climax species like Norway spruce and silver fir slowest. For spruce, planting results in an advance of 1.0 to 2.4 m after 20 years in high montane storm areas; moreover, gaps, which are widespread in storm areas even 10 or 20 years after the storm event, can be avoided. On areas with total damage, cluster planting should be considered, in particular in protection forests and in cases with scarce advance regeneration, missing seed trees and dense ground vegetation.

scholarly journals Structure and Spatial Distribution of Dead Wood in Two Temperate Old-Growth Mixed European Beech Forests

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 639-645
Author(s):  
Diana VASILE ◽  
Any Mary PETRITAN ◽  
Nicu Constantin TUDOSE ◽  
Florin Lucian TOIU ◽  
Virgil SCARLATESCU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Beech Forests ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Sessile Oak ◽  
Wood Type ◽  
The Dead

Old-growth forests are often looked at as reference for close to nature silviculture, which aims to manage forests in a natural way. An important component of these forests is the large amount of deadwood they possess; the role of dead wood in the forest ecosystem has been well recognised. A detailed investigation of dead wood characteristics (the amount per stand, species, dead wood type, decay class, size and spatial distribution) was performed in two Romanian old-growth European mixed beech forests: Runcu Grosi Reserve (sessile oak-beech) and Sinca (silver fir-beech). Dead wood pieces were classified as belonging to one of seven dead wood types and one of five decay classes. The total amount of the dead wood was greater in Runcu Grosi (240.8 m3 ha-1) than in Sinca Forest (135.5 m3 ha-1). The majority of the dead wood in Runcu Grosi was composed of sessile oak (91.7%), whereas in Sinca Forest, the main dead wood species was silver fir (67.0%); both species exhibited higher values of probability density than beech, the second most important species. The dead wood exhibited much variation in tree size and in dead wood type, and covered the entire spectrum of decomposition classes. The main spatial pattern of all standing dead trees was random in both forests (over 55%), with a reduced participation of regularity and aggregation. The results of this investigation could be used as key values derived from natural conditions to enhance the biodiversity related to dead wood in managed temperate beech mixed forests.

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