scholarly journals Population variability in animal health: Influence on dose-exposure-response relationships: Part I: Drug metabolism and transporter systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. E57-E67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn N. Martinez ◽  
Michael H. Court ◽  
Johanna Fink-Gremmels ◽  
Katrina L. Mealey
Keyword(s):  
Drug Metabolism ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Population Variability ◽  
Exposure Response ◽  
Transporter Systems

scholarly journals Population variability in animal health: Influence on dose-exposure-response relationships: Part II: Modelling and simulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. E68-E76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn N. Martinez ◽  
Ronette Gehring ◽  
Jonathan P. Mochel ◽  
Devendra Pade ◽  
Ludovic Pelligand
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Modelling And Simulation ◽  
Population Variability ◽  
Exposure Response

scholarly journals CYP2B6 Functional Variability in Drug Metabolism and Exposure Across Populations—Implication for Drug Safety, Dosing, and Individualized Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Immaculate M. Langmia ◽  
Katja S. Just ◽  
Sabrina Yamoune ◽  
Jürgen Brockmöller ◽  
Collen Masimirembwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Drug Metabolism ◽  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Drug Safety ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Population Variability ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Single Nucleotide

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is well-known that individual genetic make-up is one of the causative factors of ADRs. Approximately 14 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are distributed throughout the entire human genome and every patient has a distinct genetic make-up which influences their response to drug therapy. Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) is involved in the metabolism of antiretroviral, antimalarial, anticancer, and antidepressant drugs. These drug classes are commonly in use worldwide and face specific population variability in side effects and dosing. Parts of this variability may be caused by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CYP2B6 gene that are associated with altered protein expression and catalytic function. Population variability in the CYP2B6 gene leads to changes in drug metabolism which may result in adverse drug reactions or therapeutic failure. So far more than 30 non-synonymous variants in CYP2B6 gene have been reported. The occurrence of these variants show intra and interpopulation variability, thus affecting drug efficacy at individual and population level. Differences in disease conditions and affordability of drug therapy further explain why some individuals or populations are more exposed to CYP2B6 pharmacogenomics associated ADRs than others. Variabilities in drug efficacy associated with the pharmacogenomics of CYP2B6 have been reported in various populations. The aim of this review is to highlight reports from various ethnicities that emphasize on the relationship between CYP2B6 pharmacogenomics variability and the occurrence of adverse drug reactions. In vitro and in vivo studies evaluating the catalytic activity of CYP2B6 variants using various substrates will also be discussed. While implementation of pharmacogenomic testing for personalized drug therapy has made big progress, less data on pharmacogenetics of drug safety has been gained in terms of CYP2B6 substrates. Therefore, reviewing the existing evidence on population variability in CYP2B6 and ADR risk profiles suggests that, in addition to other factors, the knowledge on pharmacogenomics of CYP2B6 in patient treatment may be useful for the development of personalized medicine with regards to genotype-based prescription.

Biosecurity: tools, behaviours and concepts

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-452
Author(s):  
Alan MacLeod ◽  
Nicola Spence
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Harmful Organisms ◽  
The One ◽  
Biosecurity Practices

COVID 19 has raised the profile of biosecurity. However, biosecurity is not only about protecting human life. This issue brings together mini-reviews examining recent developments and thinking around some of the tools, behaviours and concepts around biosecurity. They illustrate the multi-disciplinary nature of the subject, demonstrating the interface between research and policy. Biosecurity practices aim to prevent the spread of harmful organisms; recognising that 2020 is the International Year of Plant Health, several focus on plant biosecurity although invasive species and animal health concerns are also captured. The reviews show progress in developing early warning systems and that plant protection organisations are increasingly using tools that compare multiple pest threats to prioritise responses. The bespoke modelling of threats can inform risk management responses and synergies between meteorology and biosecurity provide opportunities for increased collaboration. There is scope to develop more generic models, increasing their accessibility to policy makers. Recent research can improve pest surveillance programs accounting for real-world constraints. Social science examining individual farmer behaviours has informed biosecurity policy; taking a broader socio-cultural approach to better understand farming networks has the potential to change behaviours in a new way. When encouraging public recreationists to adopt positive biosecurity behaviours communications must align with their values. Bringing together the human, animal, plant and environmental health sectors to address biosecurity risks in a common and systematic manner within the One Biosecurity concept can be achieved through multi-disciplinary working involving the life, physical and social sciences with the support of legislative bodies and the public.

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