Hepatitis A virus survival on drug paraphernalia

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1484-1494
Author(s):  
Magdalena Medrzycki ◽  
Saleem Kamili ◽  
Michael A. Purdy
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Drug Paraphernalia ◽  
Virus Survival

Comparative survival of hepatitis A virus, poliovirus and indicator viruses in geographically diverse seawaters

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Callahan ◽  
Douglas J. Taylor ◽  
Mark D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Log10 Reduction ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses ◽  
Virus Survival

The presence and persistence of enteric viruses in sewage contaminated seawater is an important public health concern for bathing, surfing and shellfishing. In an effort to find suitable indicators of enteric viruses in seawater, we compared the survival of two groups of enteric bacteriophages, F-specific coliphages (FRNA phages) and somatic Salmonella bacteriophages (SS phages), to the survival of two human enteric viruses, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and poliovirus type 1 (PV-1), in coastal seawater from three geographic areas (So. California, Hawaii, and North Carolina) at 20°C. Concentrations of all four viruses decreased over 30 days from their initial titers and there was little difference in the survival of a particular virus among the three seawaters. However, the extent of reduction varied among the four viruses. Survival was greater for the SS phages than for any of the other viruses, with an estimated 4 log10 reduction time of about 10 weeks. FRNA phages and PV-1 were inactivated rapidly, with 4 log10 reductions in ~ 1 week. HAV reductions were intermediate between SS phages and FRNA phages, with 4 log10 reductions in about 4 weeks. The observed differences in virus survival suggest that SS phages are more persistent in seawater than other viruses and hence may be good indicators for enteric viruses in seawater.

scholarly journals Potential Role of Fomites in the Vehicular Transmission of Human Astroviruses

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 3904-3907 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Xavier Abad ◽  
Cristina Villena ◽  
Susana Guix ◽  
Santiago Caballero ◽  
Rosa M. Pintó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Human Astroviruses ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
Inert Surfaces ◽  
High Level ◽  
Virus Survival

ABSTRACT The persistence of human astroviruses dried on representative porous (paper) and nonporous (china) surfaces was investigated. Long-term astrovirus survival on fomites was monitored by an integrated cell culture-reverse transcription-PCR procedure. Viruses were applied to inanimate surfaces in the presence and absence of fecal material, and their survival was assayed at 4 and 20°C with high relative humidity. Astroviruses exhibited a notable persistence when dried on porous and nonporous materials, particularly at low temperature. Short-term survival of astroviruses on fomites was compared to that of other enteric viruses significant for health, such as rotavirus, adenovirus, poliovirus, and hepatitis A virus. Overall, astroviruses persisted better than poliovirus and adenovirus, although they exhibited a shorter survival than rotavirus and hepatitis A virus. Astroviruses show a high level of persistence at the desiccation step, which is of major significance in determining the chance of subsequent virus survival dried on fomites. Astroviruses are able to survive on inert surfaces long enough to suggest that fomites may play a relevant role in the secondary transmission of astrovirus diarrhea.

The Inactivation of Hepatitis a Virus and other Model Viruses by UV Irradiation

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 339-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Battigelli ◽  
M. D. Sobsey ◽  
D. C. Lobe
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Type B ◽  
Log10 Reduction ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Stirred Reactor ◽  
Virus Survival

Ultraviolet light is an attractive alternative to chemical disinfection of water, but little is known about its ability to inactivate important waterborne pathogens such as hepatitis A virus. Therefore, the sensitivity of HAV strain HM-175, coxsackievirus type B-5, rotavirus strain SA-11, and bacteriophages MS2 and øX174 to ultraviolet radiation of 254 nm wavelength in phosphate buffered water was determined. Purified stocks of the viruses were combined and exposed to collimated UV radiation in a stirred reactor for a total dose of up to 40 mW sec/cm2. Virus survival kinetics were determined from samples removed at dose intervals. The 4 log,10 (99.99%) inactivation doses for HAV, CB5, SA-11 and øX174 were 16, 29, 42 and 9 mW sec/cm2, respectively. MS2 exhibited the greatest resistance in buffered water with less than a 1 log10 reduction observed after exposure to 25 mW sec/cm2. A 15 mW sec/cm2 exposure induced a 7 log10 reduction of øX174, while inactivation of HAV, CB5 and SAll was intermediate, with at least 3 log10 reductions occurring after a 20 mW sec/cm2 exposure. The results of these experiments indicate that UV radiation can effectively inactivate viruses of public health concern in drinking water.

scholarly journals Foodborne Pread of Hepatitis A: Recent Studies on Virus Survival, Transfer and Inactivation

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed A Sattar ◽  
Jason Tetro ◽  
Sabah Bidawid ◽  
Jeff Farber
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
Considerable Morbidity ◽  
Virus Survival

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is responsible for considerable morbidity and economic losses worldwide, and is the only reportable, foodborne viral pathogen in Canada. Outbreaks caused by it occur more frequently in settings such as hospitals, daycare centres, schools, and in association with foods and food service establishments. In recent years, the incidence of hepatitis A has increased in Canada. Many factors, including changing lifestyles and demographics, faster and more frequent travel, and enhanced importation of foods from hepatitis A-endemic regions, may be behind this increase. Despite its increasing significance as a human pathogen, not much was known until recently about the survival and inactivation of HAV, and even less was understood about the effectiveness of measures to prevent and control its foodborne spread. Studies conducted in the past decade have shown that HAV can survive for several hours on human hands and for several days on environmental surfaces indoors. The virus can also retain its infectivity for several days on fruits and vegetables which are often consumed raw, and such imported items have already been incriminated in disease outbreaks. Casual contact between contaminated hands and clean food items can readily lead to a transfer of as much as 10% of the infectious virus. HAV is also relatively resistant to inactivation by heat, gamma irradiation and chemical germicides. In view of these findings, better approaches to prevent the contamination of foods with HAV and more effective methods for its inactivation in foods, on environmental surfaces and on the hands of food handlers are needed.

scholarly journals Enteric Virus Survival during Household Laundering and Impact of Disinfection with Sodium Hypochlorite

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (14) ◽  
pp. 4425-4428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles P. Gerba ◽  
Denise Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cotton Cloth ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Virus Survival

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine whether enteric viruses (adenovirus, rotavirus, and hepatitis A virus) added to cotton cloth swatches survive the wash cycle, the rinse cycle, and a 28-min permanent press drying cycle as commonly practiced in households in the United States. Detergent with and without bleach (sodium hypochlorite) was added to washing machines containing sterile and virus-inoculated 58-cm2 swatches, 3.2 kg of cotton T-shirts and underwear, and a soiled pillowcase designed to simulate the conditions (pH, organic load, etc.) encountered in soiled laundry. The most important factors for the reduction of virus in laundry were passage through the drying cycle and the addition of sodium hypochlorite. Washing with detergent alone was not found to be effective for the removal or inactivation of enteric viruses, as significant concentrations of virus were found on the swatches (reductions of 92 to 99%). It was also demonstrated that viruses are readily transferred from contaminated cloths to uncontaminated clothes. The use of sodium hypochlorite reduced the number of infectious viruses on the swatches after washing and drying by at least 99.99%. Laundering practices in common use in the United States do not eliminate enteric and respiratory viruses from clothes. The use of bleach can further reduce the numbers of enteric viruses in laundry.

scholarly journals Hepatitis A Virus Survival on Drug Paraphernalia

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s248-s248
Author(s):  
Magdalena Medrzycki ◽  
Michael A. Purdy
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dead Volume ◽  
Persons Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Drug Paraphernalia ◽  
Liquid Suspensions

Background: The ongoing hepatitis A outbreak in the United States has concerned public health authorities since March 2017. The outbreak has already spread throughout 30 states and includes primarily homeless individuals and persons who use drugs, including persons who inject drugs (PWIDs). Contaminated drug injection paraphernalia and sharing of these items are suspected to be one of multiple causes of hepatitis A virus (HAV) transmission in those populations. Methods: We used a standard plaque assay to investigate HAV infectivity. Liquid suspensions of HAV were tested to examine the effects of time and temperature on viral infectivity. We also examined HAV survival on commonly used drug paraphernalia, such as needles, syringes, cookers, tourniquets, and cotton balls/filters frequently shared among PWIDs. We investigated the effect of low pH on HAV survival using citric acid, which is frequently used by PWIDs during dose preparation. We also compared the plaque assay results with those concurrently obtained by RT-PCR to establish whether viral HAV RNA levels could be used as surrogates for plaque assay results. Results: We found that HAV suspended in PBS at room temperature was able to infect FRhk4 cells for >17 weeks. HAV remained viable in syringes and needles (ie, semidry conditions) for up to 10 weeks depending on the size of the needles and the syringe dead volume. HAV survival in dry conditions on cooker, tourniquet, and cotton balls/filter surfaces did not exceed 4 weeks. HAV retained its infectivity for >10 weeks at pH as low as 2. PCR results suggest that RNA is amplified from both infectious and noninfectious HAV. Conclusions: Our findings show that HAV can survive and remain infective in the PWID setting for 4–10 weeks depending on the type of paraphernalia examined. These findings suggest that sharing drug paraphernalia by the homeless and PWIDs can potentially facilitate the transmission of HAV within these populations. Moreover, our results confirm that the plaque assay is currently the only reliable method to determine the infectivity of HAV in vitro.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

Application of solid-phase immune electron microscopy to study physical and stability characteristics of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis virus

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 80-81
Author(s):  
Charles D. Humphrey ◽  
E. H. Cook ◽  
Karen A. McCaustland ◽  
Daniel W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Immune Electron Microscopy

Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (ET-NANBH) is a type of hepatitis which is increasingly becoming a significant world health concern. As with hepatitis A virus (HAV), spread is by the fecal-oral mode of transmission. Until recently, the etiologic agent had not been isolated and identified. We have succeeded in the isolation and preliminary characterization of this virus and demonstrating that this agent can cause hepatic disease and seroconversion in experimental primates. Our characterization of this virus was facilitated by immune (IEM) and solid phase immune electron microscopic (SPIEM) methodologies.Many immune electron microscopy methodologies have been used for morphological identification and characterization of viruses. We have previously reported a highly effective solid phase immune electron microscopy procedure which facilitated identification of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in crude cell culture extracts. More recently we have reported utilization of the method for identification of an etiologic agent responsible for (ET-NANBH).

Hepatitis A Antigen in Liver, Bile and Stool

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 340-341
Author(s):  
D.R. Jackson ◽  
J.H. Hoofnagle ◽  
A.N. Schulman ◽  
J.L. Dienstag ◽  
R.H. Purcell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Type A ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Virus Like Particle ◽  
Elevated Liver Enzymes ◽  
Ag Particles ◽  
Ag Particle ◽  
Human Stool

Using immune electron microscopy Feinstone et. al. demonstrated the presence of a 27 nm virus-like particle in acute-phase stools of patients with viral hepatitis, type A, These hepatitis A antigen (HA Ag) particles were aggregated by convalescent serum from patients with type A hepatitis but not by pre-infection serum. Subsequently Dienstag et. al. and Maynard et. al. produced acute hepatitis in chimpanzees by inoculation with human stool containing HA Ag. During the early acute disease, virus like particles antigenically, morphologically and biophysically identical to the human HA Ag particle were found in chimpanzee stool. Recently Hilleman et. al. have described similar particles in liver and serum of marmosets infected with hepatitis A virus (HAV). We have investigated liver, bile and stool from chimpanzees and marmosets experimentally infected with HAV. In an initial study, a chimpanzee (no.785) inoculated with HA Ag-containing stool developed elevated liver enzymes 21 days after exposure.

Identification of hepatitis a virus in cell cultures by solid phase immune electron microscopy

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 238-239
Author(s):  
C.D. Humphrey ◽  
T.L. Cromeans ◽  
E.H. Cook ◽  
D.W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Immune Electron Microscopy ◽  
Detection And Identification

There is a variety of methods available for the rapid detection and identification of viruses by electron microscopy as described in several reviews. The predominant techniques are classified as direct electron microscopy (DEM), immune electron microscopy (IEM), liquid phase immune electron microscopy (LPIEM) and solid phase immune electron microscopy (SPIEM). Each technique has inherent strengths and weaknesses. However, in recent years, the most progress for identifying viruses has been realized by the utilization of SPIEM.

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