scholarly journals Phasic reduction in respiratory muscle activity during rapid eye movement sleep in children

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. e41_12766
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Respiratory Muscle ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Respiratory Muscle Activity

Load compensation and respiratory muscle function during sleep

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1221-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Henke ◽  
M. S. Badr ◽  
J. B. Skatrud ◽  
J. A. Dempsey
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Respiratory Muscle ◽  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Ventilatory Control ◽  
Load Compensation

The sleeping state places unique demands on the ventilatory control system. The sleep-induced increase in airway resistance, the loss of consciousness, and the need to maintain the sleeping state without frequent arousals require the presence of complex compensatory mechanisms. The increase in upper airway resistance during sleep represents the major effect of sleep on ventilatory control. This occurs because of a loss of muscle activity, which narrows the airway and also makes it more susceptible to collapse in response to the intraluminal pressure generated by other inspiratory muscles. The magnitude and timing of the drive to upper airway vs. other inspiratory pump muscles determine the level of resistance and can lead to inspiratory flow limitation and complete upper airway occlusion. The fall in ventilation with this mechanical load is not prevented, as it is in the awake state, because of the absence of immediate compensatory responses during sleep. However, during sleep, compensatory mechanisms are activated that tend to return ventilation toward control levels if the load is maintained. Upper airway protective reflexes, intrinsic properties of the chest wall, muscle length-compensating reflexes, and most importantly chemoresponsiveness of both upper airway and inspiratory pump muscles are all present during sleep to minimize the adverse effect of loading on ventilation. In non-rapid-eye-movement sleep, the high mechanical impedance combined with incomplete load compensation causes an increase in arterial PCO2 and augmented respiratory muscle activity. Phasic rapid-eye-movement sleep, however, interferes further with effective load compensation, primarily by its selective inhibitory effects on the phasic activation of postural muscles of the chest wall. The level and pattern of ventilation during sleep in health and disease states represent a compromise toward the ideal goal, which is to achieve maximum load compensation and meet the demand for chemical homeostasis while maintaining sleep state.

Small reduction of neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex area induces abnormal breathing periods in awake goats

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 1620-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Wenninger ◽  
L. G. Pan ◽  
L. Klum ◽  
T. Leekley ◽  
J. Bastastic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Respiratory Muscle ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Neurokinin 1 Receptor ◽  
Bötzinger Complex ◽  
Abnormal Breathing ◽  
Neurokinin 1

In awake rats, >80% bilateral reduction of neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R)-expressing neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötzC) resulted in hypoventilation and an “ataxic” breathing pattern (Gray PA, Rekling JC, Bocchiaro CM, Feldman JL, Science 286: 1566–1568, 1999). Accordingly, the present study was designed to gain further insight into the role of the pre-BötzC area NK1R-expressing neurons in the control of breathing during physiological conditions. Microtubules were chronically implanted bilaterally into the medulla of adult goats. After recovery from surgery, the neurotoxin saporin conjugated to substance P, specific for NK1R-expressing neurons, was bilaterally injected (50 pM in 10 μl) into the pre-BötzC area during the awake state ( n = 8). In unoperated goats, 34 ± 0.01% of the pre-BötzC area neurons are immunoreactive for the NK1R, but, in goats after bilateral injection of SP-SAP into the pre-BötzC area, NK1R immunoreactivity was reduced to 22.5 ± 2.5% (29% decrease, P < 0.01). Ten to fourteen days after the injection, the frequency of abnormal breathing periods was sixfold greater than before injection (107.8 ± 21.8/h, P < 0.001). Fifty-six percent of these periods were breaths of varying duration and volume with an altered respiratory muscle activation pattern, whereas the remaining were rapid, complete breaths with coordinated inspiratory-expiratory cycles. The rate of occurrence and characteristics of abnormal breathing periods were not altered during a CO2 inhalation-induced hyperpnea. Pathological breathing patterns were eliminated during non-rapid eye movement sleep in seven of eight goats, but they frequently occurred on arousal from non-rapid eye movement sleep. We conclude that a moderate reduction in pre-BötzC NK1R-expressing neurons results in state-dependent transient changes in respiratory rhythm and/or eupneic respiratory muscle activation patterns.

scholarly journals Comparison of rhythmic masticatory muscle activity during non-rapid eye movement sleep in guinea pigs and humans

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. e12608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takafumi Kato ◽  
Risa Toyota ◽  
Shingo Haraki ◽  
Hiroyuki Yano ◽  
Makoto Higashiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Masticatory Muscle ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Rhythmic Masticatory Muscle Activity ◽  
Masticatory Muscle Activity

Disturbance of phasic chin muscle activity during rapid-eye-movement sleep

2001 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. S104-S107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Kohyama ◽  
Junko Ohinata ◽  
Takeshi Hasegawa
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

Effect of dorsolateral pontine lesions on diaphragmatic activity during REMS

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1435-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Hendricks ◽  
L. R. Kline ◽  
R. O. Davies ◽  
A. I. Pack
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Respiratory Muscle ◽  
Sleep Disordered Breathing ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Muscle Atonia ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Respiratory Muscle Activity ◽  
Diaphragm Activity

Muscle atonia is a feature of normal rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS). The suppression of accessory respiratory muscle activity has been investigated and a role for sleep-disordered breathing hypothesized, but the suppression of diaphragmatic activity has rarely been considered. We hypothesized that the activity of the diaphragm was suppressed by an area of the dorsolateral pons during REMS. Lesions in this region have previously been shown to abolish the atonia of REMS. The diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMG) activity was analyzed in five naturally sleeping cats before and after pontine lesions leading to REMS without atonia. Although respiratory timing parameters were not altered by the lesion, the inspiratory rate of rise was significantly increased in all cats, and the brief pauses (40-100 ms) in the diaphragmatic EMG normally seen in REMS were virtually abolished. We conclude that the dorsolateral pons has a role in suppressing diaphragmatic activation during REMS. This suppression affects the average rate of rise of diaphragmatic activity and also leads to brief intermittent complete cessation of ongoing muscle activity. These decrements in diaphragm activity could jeopardize ventilation during REMS.

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