Flip-flop organization in the chloroplast genome of Capsosiphon fulvescens (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta)

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongseok Kim ◽  
JunMo Lee ◽  
Ji Won Choi ◽  
Ji Hyun Yang ◽  
Il-Ki Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chloroplast Genome ◽  
Flip Flop ◽  
Capsosiphon Fulvescens

scholarly journals Long-reads reveal that the chloroplast genome exists in two distinct versions in most plants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwen Wang ◽  
Robert Lanfear
Keyword(s):  
Chloroplast Genome ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Inverted Repeats ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Equal Frequency ◽  
Flip Flop ◽  
Chloroplast Genomes

Abstract The chloroplast genome usually has a quadripartite structure consisting of a large single copy region and a small single copy region separated by two long inverted repeats. It has been known for some time that a single cell may contain at least two structural haplotypes of this structure, which differ in the relative orientation of the single copy regions. However, the methods required to detect and measure the abundance of the structural haplotypes are labour-intensive, and this phenomenon remains understudied. Here we develop a new method, Cp-hap, to detect all possible structural haplotypes of chloroplast genomes of quadripartite structure using long-read sequencing data. We use this method to conduct a systematic analysis and quantification of chloroplast structural haplotypes in 61 land plant species across 19 orders of Angiosperms, Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes. Our results show that there are two chloroplast structural haplotypes which occur with equal frequency in most land plant individuals. Nevertheless, species whose chloroplast genomes lack inverted repeats or have short inverted repeats have just a single structural haplotype. We also show that the relative abundance of the two structural haplotypes remains constant across multiple samples from a single individual plant, suggesting that the process which maintains equal frequency of the two haplotypes operates rapidly, consistent with the hypothesis that flip-flop recombination mediates chloroplast structural heteroplasmy. Our results suggest that previous claims of differences in chloroplast genome structure between species may need to be revisited.

Biophysics (and sociology) of ceramides.

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix M. Goñi ◽  
F-Xabier Contreras ◽  
L-Ruth Montes ◽  
Jesús Sot ◽  
Alicia Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Positive Curvature ◽  
Acyl Chain ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Hexagonal Structure ◽  
Lipid Monolayer ◽  
Flip Flop ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Bilayer Permeability

In the past decade, the long-neglected ceramides (N-acylsphingosines) have become one of the most attractive lipid molecules in molecular cell biology, because of their involvement in essential structures (stratum corneum) and processes (cell signalling). Most natural ceramides have a long (16-24 C atoms) N-acyl chain, but short N-acyl chain ceramides (two to six C atoms) also exist in Nature, apart from being extensively used in experimentation, because they can be dispersed easily in water. Long-chain ceramides are among the most hydrophobic molecules in Nature, they are totally insoluble in water and they hardly mix with phospholipids in membranes, giving rise to ceramide-enriched domains. In situ enzymic generation, or external addition, of long-chain ceramides in membranes has at least three important effects: (i) the lipid monolayer tendency to adopt a negative curvature, e.g. through a transition to an inverted hexagonal structure, is increased, (ii) bilayer permeability to aqueous solutes is notoriously enhanced, and (iii) transbilayer (flip-flop) lipid motion is promoted. Short-chain ceramides mix much better with phospholipids, promote a positive curvature in lipid monolayers, and their capacities to increase bilayer permeability or transbilayer motion are very low or non-existent.

Moral deontologists are more likely to flip flop

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Robinson ◽  
Jason E. Plaks
Keyword(s):  
Flip Flop

Coexistent thyroid and lung cancers resembling flip flop phenomenon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Cavaco ◽  
Joana Simões-Pereira ◽  
Valeriano Leite
Keyword(s):  
Flip Flop ◽  
Lung Cancers

A Radiation-Hard Redundant Flip-Flop to Suppress Multiple Cell Upset by Utilizing the Parasitic Bipolar Effect

2013 ◽  
Vol E96.C (4) ◽  
pp. 511-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuiyuan ZHANG ◽  
Jun FURUTA ◽  
Ryosuke YAMAMOTO ◽  
Kazutoshi KOBAYASHI ◽  
Hidetoshi ONODERA
Keyword(s):  
Flip Flop ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Radiation Hard

Variation-Tolerance of a 65-nm Error-Hardened Dual-Modular-Redundancy Flip-Flop Measured by Shift-Register-Based Monitor Structures

2011 ◽  
Vol E94-A (12) ◽  
pp. 2669-2675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chikara HAMANAKA ◽  
Ryosuke YAMAMOTO ◽  
Jun FURUTA ◽  
Kanto KUBOTA ◽  
Kazutoshi KOBAYASHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shift Register ◽  
Flip Flop ◽  
Variation Tolerance ◽  
Modular Redundancy

MICRO-BUBBLES/FLIP-FLOP FLOW MIXED EFFLUX FROM A DIAMOND-SHAPED CYLINDER BUNDLE

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-315
Author(s):  
Shinzaburo Umeda ◽  
Tomonori Wakabayashi ◽  
Kosaku Yamada ◽  
Kazuto Urakami ◽  
Hideyasu Tsuji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flip Flop

An All-Photonic Molecular Amplifier and Binary Flip-flop

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas MacDonald ◽  
Timothy Schmidt ◽  
Jonathon Beves
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Reaction Kinetics ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Chemical System ◽  
Initial Composition ◽  
Flip Flop ◽  
Sequential Logic ◽  
Behavior Based

A chemical system is proposed that is capable of amplifying small optical inputs into large changes in internal composition, based on a feedback interaction between switchable fluorescence and visible-light photoswitching. This system would demonstrate bifurcating reaction kinetics under irradiation and reach one of two stable photostationary states depending on the initial composition of the system. This behavior would allow the system to act as a chemical realization of the flip-flop circuit, the fundamental element in sequential logic and binary memory storage. We use detailed numerical modeling to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed behavior based on known molecular phenomena, and comment on some of the conditions required to realize this system.

Memory Implementation using Multi Bit Flip-Flop

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
Palagani Yellappa ◽  
◽  
Mareddi Bharathkumar ◽  
Shaik Shabana Azmi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flip Flop ◽  
Bit Flip
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