scholarly journals Identifying the Central Components of Perceived Costs and Benefits of Helping Peers with Depression: A Psychological Network Analysis Using Japanese Undergraduate Samples

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Kashihara ◽  
Shinji Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Perceived Costs

Why Municipal Cooperation Matters

2016 ◽  
pp. 140-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Teles ◽  
Pekka Kettunen
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Perceived Costs

It is a common phenomenon that municipalities cooperate with each other. Cooperation eventually brings about the gains of efficiency or makes it possible to deliver services. We can however assume that cooperation may also fail, cause unwarranted negative side-effects and diminish the democratic capacity of the participating municipalities. The aim of this paper is to present the literature and available scholarship on the topic, and discuss the research agenda on inter-municipal cooperation, especially through the analysis of its scope, motivations, and perceived costs and benefits. The approach to the problem will be based in multidisciplinary contributions of existing research, which involves theoretical arguments related to the advantages of cooperation, the impact on democracy and accountability, as well as the discussion of public vs private provision of services. The conclusions should enable a serious reflection about Inter-Municipal Cooperation state of the art.

scholarly journals Do costs and benefits of children matter for religious people? Perceived consequences of parenthood and fertility intentions in Poland

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Christoph Bein ◽  
Monika Mynarska ◽  
Anne H. Gauthier
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Religious People ◽  
Polish Version ◽  
Perceived Consequences ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Perceived Costs

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the positive relationship between religiosity and fertility from the perspective of perceived consequences of parenthood. Previous studies in Germany have found that highly religious people ascribe higher benefits and lower costs to having children. Furthermore, the impact of costs and benefits on fertility is less pronounced among the highly religious. This study tested these mechanisms for fertility intentions and in the context of Poland – a country with a low fertility rate and high religiosity in comparison to other European countries. A sample of 4892 men and women of childbearing age from the second wave of the Polish version of the Generations and Gender Survey conducted in 2014/2015 was used. First, the extent to which perceived costs and benefits mediate the impact of religiosity on fertility intentions was analysed. Second, whether religiosity moderates the impact of perceived costs and benefits on fertility intentions was investigated. The results show that part of the positive effect of religiosity on fertility intentions can be explained by more-religious people seeing higher benefits of having children. Furthermore, but only in the case of women, religiosity moderates the impact of perceived costs on fertility intentions, suggesting that the effect of perceived costs decreases with increasing religiosity.

scholarly journals Food preferences determine human–elephant coexistence in African woodlands

Oryx ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
María Montero-Botey ◽  
Alfonso San Miguel ◽  
Ramón Perea
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Loxodonta Africana ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Crop Types ◽  
Private Investors ◽  
Perceived Costs

Abstract Human–elephant coexistence remains a major conservation and livelihood challenge across elephant Loxodonta africana range in Africa. This study investigates the extent of elephant crop damage on 66 farms in the Selous–Niassa corridor (Tanzania), to search for potential management solutions to this problem. We found that the relative abundance of highly preferred crops (area covered by preferred crops divided by the total area of each farm) was by far the most important factor determining crop damage by elephants. Eighteen crop types were ranked according to their preference by elephants. Sweet potatoes, bananas, peanuts, onions, pumpkins and maize were the most preferred crops, with maize the most common crop among those highly preferred. On average elephants damaged 25.7% of the cultivated farmland they entered. A beta regression model suggests that a reduction in the cultivation of preferred crops from 75 to 25% of the farmland area decreases elephant crop damage by 64%. Water availability (distance to the nearest waterhole) and the presence of private investors (mostly hunting tourism companies) were of lower importance in determining elephant crop damage. Thus, damage by elephants increased with shorter distances to waterholes and decreased in areas with private investors. However, further studies are required, particularly of the perceived costs and benefits of elephants to local communities. Farm aggregation and the use of non-preferred crops that also require less water would potentially reduce elephant damage but would be a major lifestyle change for some local communities.

U.S. Policy toward Foreign Direct Investment

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Kudrle ◽  
Davis B. Bobrow
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Capacity ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Process Factors ◽  
Perceived Costs

Foreign investment policy is an increasingly important part of overall foreign policy. The authors investigate the substance of U.S. outgoing foreign direct investment (OFDI) and incoming foreign direct investment (IFDI) policy in terms of a small set of policy values and process factors. The policy values are domestic prosperity, national autonomy, and national security. The process factors are ideological consonance, impact transparency, the diffusion and concentration of perceived costs and benefits, and the political capacity of groups and institutions. These considerations illuminate the relative stability in both areas of policy since World War II, and help to explain the changes that did take place. The paper concludes with a forecast that, despite the oft-heard prediction that economic nationalism is on the increase, U.S. policies toward foreign investment will remain much the same during the eighties as they have been Since World War II.

scholarly journals Pig Farmers' Perceptions of Economic Incentives to Control Salmonella Prevalence at Herd Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Vesterlund Olsen ◽  
Tove Christensen ◽  
Jørgen Dejgaard Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Herd Level ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Farmer Behavior ◽  
Perceived Effects ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
Perceived Costs

This paper investigates how perceived costs and benefits of Salmonella control among Danish pig farmers affect the farmers' choice of action toward reducing the prevalence of Salmonella in their herds. Based on data from an online questionnaire involving 163 Danish pig farmers, we find a considerable uncertainty among pig farmers about the perceived effects of the Salmonella reducing actions. The results indicate large variations in the perceived costs of implementing different types of Salmonella reducing actions (management-, hygiene- and feed-related). For some cases, farmers associate net benefits and positive productivity effects with implementation of the actions while studies by the industry indicate net costs to the farmers. Differences among farmers support the idea of an outcome-based Salmonella penalty scheme but the large uncertainties about costs and effects of actions toward Salmonella control might hamper the effectiveness of such a penalty scheme as a regulatory instrument to affect farmer behavior.

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