scholarly journals Long-term effects of maternal separation on the responsiveness of the circadian system to melatonin in the diurnal nonhuman primate (Macaca mulatta )

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Rawashdeh ◽  
Margarita L. Dubocovich
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Nonhuman Primate ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Circadian System ◽  
Long Term Effects

scholarly journals Early Life Maternal Separation and Maternal Behaviour Modulate Acoustic Characteristics of Rat Pup Ultrasonic Vocalizations

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine H. Kaidbey ◽  
Manon Ranger ◽  
Michael M. Myers ◽  
Muhammad Anwar ◽  
Robert J. Ludwig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Ultrasonic Vocalizations ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Acoustic Characteristics ◽  
Rat Pups ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Control

AbstractEarly separation of preterm infants from their mothers has adverse, long-term neurodevelopmental consequences. We investigated the effects of daily maternal separation (MS) of rat pups from postnatal days 2–10 (PND2–10) on neurobehavioural responses to brief isolation at PND12 compared with pups receiving controlled handling without MS. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) were measured at PND12 during two, 3-minute isolations occurring immediately before and after a 3-minute maternal reunion. There were no significant differences in acoustic characteristics between MS and control animals in the first isolation. However, in the second isolation, MS pups produced a greater proportion of high (~60 kHz) vs low (~40 kHz) frequency calls. During this isolation, control pups made longer and louder low frequency calls compared to the first isolation, whereas MS pups did the opposite. Maternal behaviour of control and MS mothers modulated pup acoustic characteristics in opposite directions; higher maternal care was associated with more low frequency calls in control pups but more high frequency calls in MS pups. We hypothesize that MS results in USV emission patterns reflective of a greater stress response to isolation. This translational model can be used to identify mechanisms and interventions that may be exploited to overcome the negative, long-term effects of MS.

Long-Term Effects of Repeated Maternal Separation on Three Different Latent Inhibition Paradigms

1998 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Lehmann ◽  
Thomas Stöhr ◽  
Jan Schuller ◽  
Annette Domeney ◽  
Christian Heidbreder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latent Inhibition ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Long Term Effects

scholarly journals Long-term effects of early social isolation in Macaca mulatta: changes in dopamine receptor function following apomorphine challenge

1990 ◽  
Vol 513 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H. Lewis ◽  
John P. Gluck ◽  
Alan J. Beauchamp ◽  
Michael F. Keresztury ◽  
Richard B. Mailman
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Receptor Function ◽  
Long Term Effects

scholarly journals Long-term effects of castration on the skeleton of male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Kessler ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Antonietta M. Cerroni ◽  
Marc D. Grynpas ◽  
Olga D. Gonzalez Velez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Male Rhesus

Family Background in Prison Groups: A Comparative Study of Parental Deprivation

1970 ◽  
Vol 117 (539) ◽  
pp. 371-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Koller ◽  
J. N. Castanos
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Family Background ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Foster Mother ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Remarkable Change ◽  
Serious Crime

Early workers studying children because of persistent delinquency concluded that the child's inability to make relationships was the central core from which all other behaviour disturbances arose. The long term effects of institutionalization and repeated moves from foster mother to foster mother, it was asserted, were basic in any consideration of aetiology. The difficulty of treating these patients and the permanency of ill-effects was emphasized. In his well-known World Health Organization Bulletin, Bowlby (1951) concluded ‘on the basis of this varied evidence it appears that there is a very strong case indeed for believing that prolonged separation of a child from his mother (or mother substitute) during the first five years of life stands foremost amongst the causes of delinquent character development’. Whilst the practical conclusions of this publication led to a remarkable change in outlook and improvement in the institutional care of children, his theoretical conclusions have drawn heavy fire. Andry (1960) directed attention to the ‘defective role frequently played by the father and not only that of the all-too-often mentioned mother’. Wootton (1959, 1962) regards as an unproven hypothesis ‘that maternal deprivation leads to life-long damage and is a major factor in criminal behaviour’. She argues that Bowlby has overstated the case for the separation experience itself, without due regard to the conditions the child has come from or goes to, and has given scant recognition to hereditary factors. Wootton notes that relatively few investigations have traced the fortunes of the maternally deprived after adolescence, let alone throughout life, and hence there is no definitive proof that the damaging effects of the separation experience are irreversible. Further, the maternal separation hypothesis relates to only a minority of the delinquent population (the ‘affectless psychopath’) and there is no experience of the general population at large of comparable infantile experiences. A review of the recent literature (Lancet, 1966, British Medical Journal, 1967), indicates that various investigations into the long term effects of childhood parental deprivation and bereavement in the causation of adult mental ill health and behaviour disturbance have yielded inconclusive results. Whilst this state of affairs suggests that further studies are necessary to detect consistent patterns of parental deprivation, these patterns by themselves may not indicate precise modes of aetiology, but when taken into consideration with other objective data of family background may yield the development or refutation of hypotheses regarding various determinants of psychiatric disorder. In the light of these contemporary uncertainties we have re-examined the hypothesis that early adverse experiences are related to subsequent delinquency and criminality. By statistical procedures we examined two prison populations, one consisting of short term male first offenders of less serious crime, and the other of male recidivists and those convicted of serious crime. Various groups from the general population at large have been incorporated to act as the control group.

scholarly journals Corticosterone, Adrenal, and the Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Neonatal Rats: Effect of Maternal Separation and Hypoxia

Endocrinology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 161 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley L Gehrand ◽  
Jonathan Phillips ◽  
Kevin Malott ◽  
Hershel Raff
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Estrogen Production ◽  
Corticosterone Response ◽  
Short And Long Term

Abstract Hypoxia, a common stressor in prematurity, leads to sexually dimorphic, short- and long-term effects on the adult hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes. We hypothesized that these effects are due to stress-induced increases in testosterone during early postnatal life. We evaluated this phenomenon by systematically assessing the short-term effects of normoxic or hypoxic separation on male and female pups at birth, postnatal hours (H) 2, 4, and 8, and postnatal days (PD) 2 to 7. Our findings were (a) hypoxic separation led to a large increase in plasma corticosterone from 4H-PD4, (b) neither normoxic nor hypoxic separation affected critical adrenal steroidogenic pathway genes; however, a significant decrease in baseline Cyp11a1, Mc2r, Mrap, and Star adrenal expression during the first week of neonatal life confirmed the start of the adrenal stress hyporesponsive period, (c) a luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone–independent increase in plasma testosterone occurred in normoxic and hypoxic separated male pups at birth, (d) testicular Cyp11a1, Lhcgr, and Star expression was high at birth and decreased thereafter suggesting a hyporesponsive period in the testes, and (e) elevated estrogen in the early neonatal period occurred independently of gonadotropin stimulation. We conclude that a large corticosterone response to hypoxia during the first 5 days of life occurs as an adaptation to neonatal stress, that the testosterone surge during the first hours after birth occurs independently of gonadotropins but is associated with upregulation of the steroidogenic pathway genes in the testes, and that high postnatal estrogen production also occurs independently of gonadotropins.

scholarly journals Long-term Effects of Maternal Separation on Anxiety-Like Behavior and Neuroendocrine Parameters in Adult Balb/c Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 247054702110671
Author(s):  
Erika Kestering-Ferreira ◽  
Saulo Gantes Tractenberg ◽  
Francisco Sindermann Lumertz ◽  
Rodrigo Orso ◽  
Kerstin Camile Creutzberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Mrna Gene ◽  
Composite Scores

Introduction: Disruption of maternal care using maternal separation (MS) models has provided significant evidence of the deleterious long-term effects of early life stress. Several preclinical studies investigating MS showed multiple behavioral and biomolecular alterations. However, there is still conflicting results from MS studies, which represents a challenge for reliability and replicability of those findings. Objective: To address that, this study was conducted to investigate whether MS would affect anxiety-like behaviors using a battery of classical tasks, as well as central and peripheral stress-related biomarkers. Methods: Male Balb/c mice were exposed to MS from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 14 for 180-min per day. Two independent cohorts were performed to evaluate both baseline and anxiety-like behavior responses to MS at PND60. We performed composite scores to evaluate MS effects on anxiety and risk assessment phenotypes. Also, we assessed mRNA gene expression in the medial pre-frontal cortex (mPFC) of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors (GR and MR) using real-time PCR and peripheral corticosterone levels (CORT) to investigate possible neurobiological correlates to anxiety behaviors. Results: We found increased anxiety-like behavior and decreased risk assessment and exploratory behaviors in MS mice. The animals exposed to MS also presented a decrease in MR mRNA expression and higher levels of CORT compared to controls. Conclusions: Our findings reinforce the body of evidence suggesting that long-term MS induces effects on anxiety and risk assessment phenotypes following the exposure to a standardized MS protocol. Moreover, MS affected the expression of MR mRNA and induced significant changes on CORT response. This data highlights that the reprograming MS effects on HPA axis could be mediate by MR gene expression in mPFC and chronic overactivity of peripheral CORT levels.

scholarly journals Long-Term Impact of Early-Life Stress on Hippocampal Plasticity: Spotlight on Astrocytes

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4999
Author(s):  
Gürsel Çalışkan ◽  
Anke Müller ◽  
Anne Albrecht
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Neuronal Circuits ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Hippocampal Plasticity ◽  
Local Circuits

Adverse experiences during childhood are among the most prominent risk factors for developing mood and anxiety disorders later in life. Early-life stress interventions have been established as suitable models to study the neurobiological basis of childhood adversity in rodents. Different models such as maternal separation, impaired maternal care and juvenile stress during the postweaning/prepubertal life phase are utilized. Especially within the limbic system, they induce lasting alterations in neuronal circuits, neurotransmitter systems, neuronal architecture and plasticity that are further associated with emotional and cognitive information processing. Recent studies found that astrocytes, a special group of glial cells, have altered functions following early-life stress as well. As part of the tripartite synapse, astrocytes interact with neurons in multiple ways by affecting neurotransmitter uptake and metabolism, by providing gliotransmitters and by providing energy to neurons within local circuits. Thus, astrocytes comprise powerful modulators of neuronal plasticity and are well suited to mediate the long-term effects of early-life stress on neuronal circuits. In this review, we will summarize current findings on altered astrocyte function and hippocampal plasticity following early-life stress. Highlighting studies for astrocyte-related plasticity modulation as well as open questions, we will elucidate the potential of astrocytes as new targets for interventions against stress-induced neuropsychiatric disorders.

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