scholarly journals Saving the public from the private? Incentives and outcomes in dual practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1120-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kuhn ◽  
Robert Nuscheler
Keyword(s):  
Dual Practice ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Incentives

Payments versus Direct Controls for Environmental Externalities in Agriculture

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfons Weersink ◽  
David Pannell
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Regulatory Requirement ◽  
Management Zones ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Benefits ◽  
Beneficial Management Practices ◽  
Private Incentives ◽  
Do So

The production of food, fiber, and fuel often results in negative externalities due to impacts on soil, water, air, or habitat. There are two broad ways to incentivize farmers to alter their land use or management practices on that land to benefit the environment: (1) provide payments to farmers who adopt environmentally beneficial actions and (2) introduce direct controls or regulations that require farmers to undertake certain actions, backed up with penalties for noncompliance. Both the provision of payments for environmentally beneficial management practices (BMPs) and a regulatory requirement for use of a BMP alter the incentives faced by farmers, but they do so in different ways, with different implications and consequences for farmers, for the policy, for politics, and consequently for the environment. These two incentive-based mechanisms are recommended where the private incentives conflict with the public interest, and only where the private incentives are not so strong as to outweigh the public benefits. The biggest differences between them probably relate to equity/distributional outcomes and politics rather than efficiency. Governments often seem to prefer to employ beneficiary-pays mechanisms in cases where they seek to alter farmers’ existing practices, and polluter-pays mechanisms when they seek to prevent farmers from changing from their current practices to something worse for the environment. The digital revolution has the potential to help farmers produce more food on less land and with fewer inputs. In addition to reducing input levels and identifying unprofitable management zones to set aside, the technology could also alter the transaction costs of the policy options.

scholarly journals Factors affecting physicians' dual practice in Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjan Vejdani ◽  
Fatemeh Kokabisaghi ◽  
Javad Moghri
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Dual Practice ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Work Identity ◽  
Faculty Position ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Public

Abstract Background One of the most important challenges of the healthcare system in recent years have been physicians' dual practice in the public and private sectors. this study aims to investigate the factors affecting the physicians' dual practice in Iran. Methods In this qualitative study 41 stakeholders were selected by purposeful sampling. Data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews. The Framework analysis was used to analyze the data. Results Factors affecting the physicians' dual practice in Iran were classified into three main themes: "individual motivational factors", "structural factors" and "historical and cultural factors". Conclusions Getting a faculty position, the demand for private services and job security, and the continuous and guaranteed income are the most important motivations for physicians to work in the public sector. Greater financial and monetary incentives, more job independence, as well as private offices as a work identity and prestige were the most important motivations for working in the private sector.

A Few Comments on Professor Hilda's Conference Address: "Planning Experience in Pakistan"

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swadesh R. Bose
Keyword(s):  
Development Planning ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Planning Techniques ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fourth Plan ◽  
Private Incentives ◽  
The Relationship

Professor Huda's conference address on the "Planning Experience in Pakistan" covers, within a space of some twenty pages, a wide range of issues important for the country's economic planning and policies. Many problems are not, however, considered at length, and some questions are just raised for detailed study by experts. But with its analysis, suggestions and questions, this address is highly stimulating to economists and policy-makers in their endeavour to identify and resolve the problems confronting development planning in Pakistan. He dwells, among other things, on the problems of relationship between the planning technician and the policy-maker, appropriate planning techniques, interregional balance in development, the pace and the pattern of industrialisation, incentives to private enterprise and role of the public sector, income dis¬tribution and saving generation, and costs and benefits of external aid. He finally reflects on the major tasks that should be undertaken in the Fourth-Plan period. The main focus of the following comments will be on the relationship between the technician and the politician in development planning, private incentives and social goals, and income distribution and mobilisation of domes¬tic savings.

Drones: Public Interest, Public Choice, and the Expansion of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail R. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Public Choice ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
The Public ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
The Us ◽  
Private Incentives

AbstractUnmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or “drones” have become a core component of the US military arsenal following September 11, 2001. In much of the literature and public discourse regarding drones, it is assumed that drone policy is created within the broader “public interest.” That is, those who construct drone policy set aside private incentives and other motives to construct policy solely to achieve the goals of US citizens and maximize some larger social welfare function. This paper identifies the conjectures associated with this public interest ideal and examines their accuracy. I find a general disconnect between the evidence and the public interest assumption. In several cases, the evidence directly contradicts the assumption of public interest. In light of these findings I offer an alternative analytical framework, the “public choice” framework to adjudicate between observed realities and stated goals.

scholarly journals An economic analysis of private incentives to adopt DNA barcoding technology for fish species authentication in Canada

Genome ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 559-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert I. Ugochukwu ◽  
Jill E. Hobbs ◽  
Peter W.B. Phillips ◽  
Richard Gray
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Retail Store ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Economic Gain ◽  
The Public ◽  
Information Problem ◽  
Species Substitution ◽  
Private Incentives ◽  
Barcoding Technology

The increasing spate of species substitution and mislabelling in fish markets has become a concern to the public and a challenge to both the food industry and regulators. Species substitution and mislabelling within fish supply chains occurs because of price incentives to misrepresent products for economic gain. Emerging authenticity technologies, such as the DNA barcoding technology that has been used to identify plants and animal (particularly fish) species through DNA sequencing, offer a potential technological solution to this information problem. However, the adoption of these authenticity technologies depends also on economic factors. The present study uses economic welfare analysis to examine the effects of species substitution and mislabelling in fish markets, and examines the feasibility of the technology for a typical retail store in Canada. It is assumed that increased accuracy of the technology in detecting fraud and enforcement of legal penalties and other associated costs would be likely to discourage cheating. Empirical results suggest that DNA barcoding technology would be feasible presently for a typical retail store only if authentication is done in a third party laboratory, as it may not be feasible on an individual retail store level once fixed and other associated costs of the technology are considered.

What is the Public Interest in Biodiversity Conservation for Agriculture?

1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
The Public ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
Economic Framework ◽  
Important Input ◽  
Private Incentives ◽  
Farming Industry ◽  
Global Values

The diversity of biological resources retained for use within modern agriculture is recognized to be one very important input within that production system. It contributes to the increased productivity, resistance and resilience of modern crops, providing improved returns to the farming industry across the earth. These improved returns provide private incentives for the conservation of biodiversity for agriculture, and there are industries which make it their business to conserve genetic resources for these purposes. There are other values of biological diversity which flow more to society at large rather than to the agricultural industry. These more global values of biological diversity may be described within an economic framework. They are insurance and informational values. The public interest in the conservation of genetic diversity for agriculture should be in support of these more global values.

Replications can cause distorted belief in scientific progress

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Białek
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
The Public ◽  
Psychological Science

AbstractIf we want psychological science to have a meaningful real-world impact, it has to be trusted by the public. Scientific progress is noisy; accordingly, replications sometimes fail even for true findings. We need to communicate the acceptability of uncertainty to the public and our peers, to prevent psychology from being perceived as having nothing to say about reality.

Hospitals: N.Y. Appellate Court Denies Move to Privatize Public Hospital

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-203
Author(s):  
Robert Chatham
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Public Health System ◽  
Municipal Hospital ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Benefit ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Benefit Corporation ◽  
The City

The Court of Appeals of New York held, in Council of the City of New York u. Giuliani, slip op. 02634, 1999 WL 179257 (N.Y. Mar. 30, 1999), that New York City may not privatize a public city hospital without state statutory authorization. The court found invalid a sublease of a municipal hospital operated by a public benefit corporation to a private, for-profit entity. The court reasoned that the controlling statute prescribed the operation of a municipal hospital as a government function that must be fulfilled by the public benefit corporation as long as it exists, and nothing short of legislative action could put an end to the corporation's existence.In 1969, the New York State legislature enacted the Health and Hospitals Corporation Act (HHCA), establishing the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) as an attempt to improve the New York City public health system. Thirty years later, on a renewed perception that the public health system was once again lacking, the city administration approved a sublease of Coney Island Hospital from HHC to PHS New York, Inc. (PHS), a private, for-profit entity.

Democrazy—Dem Go Craze, O: Monitoring the 1999 Nigerian Elections

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Darren Kew
Keyword(s):  
Transition Program ◽  
The Political ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Political Class ◽  
Soccer Match ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Military

In many respects, the least important part of the 1999 elections were the elections themselves. From the beginning of General Abdusalam Abubakar’s transition program in mid-1998, most Nigerians who were not part of the wealthy “political class” of elites—which is to say, most Nigerians— adopted their usual politically savvy perspective of siddon look (sit and look). They waited with cautious optimism to see what sort of new arrangement the military would allow the civilian politicians to struggle over, and what in turn the civilians would offer the public. No one had any illusions that anything but high-stakes bargaining within the military and the political class would determine the structures of power in the civilian government. Elections would influence this process to the extent that the crowd influences a soccer match.

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