A model of informal favor exchange on networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 639-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Masson ◽  
S. Choi ◽  
A. Moore ◽  
M. Oak
Keyword(s):  
Favor Exchange

scholarly journals Binary Evolution in Stellar Systems

1975 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 95-97
Author(s):  
R. H. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Binding Energy ◽  
Massive Star ◽  
Massive Stars ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Stellar Systems ◽  
Total Binding Energy ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Total Binding ◽  
Binary Evolution ◽  
Favor Exchange

Aarseth has shown by means of n-body calculations that, in star systems with a range of particle masses, the most massive stars quickly form a binary which soon takes up a large fraction of the total binding energy of the cluster. Similar effects appear in other kinds of physical systems as well; mesic atoms behave in much the same way. The phase volumes of two otherwise equivalent stellar systems, each dominated by a tightly bound binary, favor exchange to incorporate the more massive star in the binary by a factor equal to the cube of the ratio of masses.

scholarly journals Trust, Reciprocity, and Favors in Cooperative Relationships

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atila Abdulkadiroğlu ◽  
Kyle Bagwell
Keyword(s):  
Private Information ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Exchange Relationship ◽  
Cooperative Relationships ◽  
The Future ◽  
Favor Exchange ◽  
Over Time

We study trust, reciprocity, and favors in a repeated trust game with private information. In our main analysis, players are willing to exhibit trust and thereby facilitate cooperative gains only if such behavior is regarded as a favor that must be reciprocated, either immediately or in the future. The size of a favor owed may decline over time, following neutral periods. Indeed, a favor-exchange relationship with this feature improves on a simple favor-exchange relationship. In some settings, an infrequent and symmetric punishment sustains greater cooperation. A honeymoon period followed by favor-exchange or symmetric punishment can also offer scope for improvement. (JEL C73, D82, Z13)

scholarly journals Media Capture Through Favor Exchange

Econometrica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Szeidl ◽  
Ferenc Szucs
Keyword(s):  
Structural Model ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Media Ownership ◽  
Targeted Advertising ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
The Media ◽  
Favor Exchange ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rule Out

We use data from Hungary to establish two results about the relationship between the government and the media. (i) We document large advertising favors from the government to connected media, and large corruption coverage favors from connected media to the government. Our empirical strategy exploits sharp reallocations around changes in media ownership and other events to rule out market‐based explanations. (ii) Under the assumptions of a structural model, we distinguish between owner ideology and favor exchange as the mechanism driving favors. We estimate our model exploiting within‐owner changes in coverage for identification and find that both mechanisms are important. These results imply that targeted government advertising can meaningfully influence content. Counterfactuals show that targeted advertising can also influence owner ideology, by making media ownership more profitable to pro‐government connected investors. Our results are consistent with qualitative evidence from many democracies and suggest that government advertising affects media content worldwide.

The Political Dynamics of Corporate Tax Avoidance: The Chinese Experience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanwen Chen ◽  
Song Tang ◽  
Donghui Wu ◽  
Daoguang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Tax Planning ◽  
The Political ◽  
Government Contracts ◽  
Political Incentives ◽  
Political Clout ◽  
Political Selection ◽  
Political Appointments ◽  
Favor Exchange ◽  
Tax Payments

In China's political selection system, officials capable of growing local economies are reward-ed with promotions. Eager to demonstrate economic achievements, newly appointed local lead-ers may raise tax revenues to expand fiscal expenditures on infrastructure projects. Against this backdrop, we study how political appointments influence local firms' tax planning. Based on a sample of locally administered state-owned enterprises (SOEs), we find firms decrease their tax avoidance after new leaders take office. The political-turnover effect on these firms' tax positions is more evident when the incoming leaders have more political clout over SOE managers, the incentives to divert resources are stronger, or politician-manager networks are present, and subsides following the launch of the anticorruption campaign. Furthermore, firms with higher post-turnover tax payments subsequently receive more government contracts or subsidies. Overall, our findings suggest political incentives shape the tax-planning activities of SOE managers in a "two-way favor exchange" manner.

scholarly journals What research for what training in psychotherapy? Some methodological issues and a proposal

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Santo Di Nuovo
Keyword(s):  
Research Process ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Produce Change ◽  
Favor Exchange ◽  
Scientific Associations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Scientific Attitudes ◽  
And Training

To define boundaries and links between research and training in psychotherapy we have to establish what kind of research is needed for this purpose. For defining psychotherapy as a science some basic epistemological premises should be affirmed and specific methods have to be devised, using both quantitative and qualitative approaches, diachronic and longitudinal perspectives, cumulative and meta-analytic strategies, focusing both the techniques used in the therapies and the relationship between the therapist subject and the client subject as a core mean for produce change. What should be evaluated in this research process, what methods and techniques of assessment should be preferred, what analyses of data are suitable: these are the main issues addressed in the article, as they are useful for planning the training of a therapist as a researcher, regardless of the privileged theoretical and technical approach. Science and practice have to be connected, since they both allow the monitoring of what occurs within the confines of the therapy and favor exchange among psychotherapists from differing theoretical approaches, which also increases their external visibility in the scientific community and in a wider social context. The goal of fostering scientific attitudes in the psychotherapists needs a specific training, to acquire a research mindedness also out of the academic laboratories. A cooperation among scientific associations and institutions is proposed to reach these objectives necessary for psychotherapists’ trainings including competencies in evaluating and sharing the scientific aspects of their work.

Reciprocal favor exchange and compliance

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry M. Burger ◽  
Alison M. Ehrlichman ◽  
Neda C. Raymond ◽  
Janet M. Ishikawa ◽  
Joanna Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Favor Exchange

scholarly journals Reaching the limits of reciprocity in favor exchange: The effects of generous, stingy, and matched favor giving on social status.

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 614-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kan Ouyang ◽  
Erica Xu ◽  
Xu Huang ◽  
Wu Liu ◽  
Yipeng Tang
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Favor Exchange
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