scholarly journals The impact of cognitive and noncognitive factors on odor discrimination performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Sabiniewicz ◽  
Florian Wrage ◽  
Thomas Hummel
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Odor Discrimination ◽  
Noncognitive Factors ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Odor Discrimination by Similarity Measures of Abstract Odor Factor Maps from Electronic Noses

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 2658
Author(s):  
Weiqing Guo ◽  
Haohui Kong ◽  
Junzhang Wu ◽  
Feng Gan
Keyword(s):  
Similarity Measure ◽  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Similarity Measures ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Odor Discrimination ◽  
New Method ◽  
Data Array ◽  
Electronic Noses ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Factor Maps

The aim of this study is to improve the discrimination performance of electronic noses by introducing a new method for measuring the similarity of the signals obtained from the electronic nose. We constructed abstract odor factor maps (AOFMs) as the characteristic maps of odor samples by decomposition of three-way signal data array of an electronic nose. A similarity measure for two-way data was introduced to evaluate the similarities and differences of AOFMs from different samples. The method was assessed by three types of pipe and powder tobacco samples. Comparisons were made with other techniques based on PCA, SIMCA, PARAFAC and PARAFAC2. The results showed that our method had significant advantages in discriminating odor samples with similar flavors or with high VOCs release.

scholarly journals Improved Acuity and Dexterity but Unchanged Touch and Pain Thresholds following Repetitive Sensory Stimulation of the Fingers

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Kowalewski ◽  
Jan-Christoph Kattenstroth ◽  
Tobias Kalisch ◽  
Hubert R. Dinse
Keyword(s):  
Index Finger ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Tactile Discrimination ◽  
Pain Thresholds ◽  
Hand Dexterity ◽  
Single Finger ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Repetitive Sensory Stimulation

Neuroplasticity underlies the brain’s ability to alter perception and behavior through training, practice, or simply exposure to sensory stimulation. Improvement of tactile discrimination has been repeatedly demonstrated after repetitive sensory stimulation (rSS) of the fingers; however, it remains unknown if such protocols also affect hand dexterity or pain thresholds. We therefore stimulated the thumb and index finger of young adults to investigate, besides testing tactile discrimination, the impact of rSS on dexterity, pain, and touch thresholds. We observed an improvement in the pegboard task where subjects used the thumb and index finger only. Accordingly, stimulating 2 fingers simultaneously potentiates the efficacy of rSS. In fact, we observed a higher gain of discrimination performance as compared to a single-finger rSS. In contrast, pain and touch thresholds remained unaffected. Our data suggest that selecting particular fingers modulates the efficacy of rSS, thereby affecting processes controlling sensorimotor integration.

Ruptured Status Discrimination Performance of Aspect Ratio, Height/Width, and Bottleneck Factor Is Highly Dependent on Aneurysm Sizing Methodology

Neurosurgery ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Lauric ◽  
Merih I. Baharoglu ◽  
Adel M. Malek
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Cerebral Aneurysms ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Detection Performance ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Neck Size ◽  
The Impact

Abstract BACKGROUND: Numerous size and shape parameters have historically been used to describe cerebral aneurysms and to correlate rupture status. These parameters are often inconsistently defined. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of definition variation on rupture status detection performance. METHODS: Catheter rotational angiographic data sets of 134 consecutive aneurysms (60 ruptured) were automatically measured in 3 dimensions with a validated algorithm. According to the literature, aneurysm height was assessed as both maximal and orthogonal distances from dome to neck. Maximal and orthogonal widths were defined perpendicular to height definitions. Neck size was evaluated as minimum, maximum, and average diameter of the neck plane. Aspect ratio (AR; height/neck), height/width ratio (HW), and bottleneck factor (BNF; width/neck) were evaluated for alternative definitions of each size variable. Univariate statistics were used to identify significant features and to compute the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver-operating characteristic. RESULTS: The AR, HW, and BNF showed significant dependence on parameter definition. Statistical significance and performance varied widely, depending on alternative definitions: AR, AUC range of 0.59 to 0.75; HW, AUC range of 0.48 to 0.72; and BNF, AUC range of 0.57 to 0.72. Using maximal height, orthogonal width, and minimum neck resulted in the best AR, HW, and BNF performances. Compared with HW, AR and BNF were less sensitive to alternative definitions. CONCLUSION: Alternative aneurysm size definitions have a significant impact on prediction performance and optimal threshold values. Adoption of standard methodology and sizing nomenclature appears critical to ensure rupture detection performance and reproducibility across studies.

scholarly journals Reach preparation enhances visual performance and appearance

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1628) ◽  
pp. 20130057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Rolfs ◽  
Bonnie M. Lawrence ◽  
Marisa Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Performance ◽  
Forced Choice Task ◽  
Reach Movements ◽  
Saccade Preparation ◽  
The Impact

We investigated the impact of the preparation of reach movements on visual perception by simultaneously quantifying both an objective measure of visual sensitivity and the subjective experience of apparent contrast. Using a two-by-two alternative forced choice task, observers compared the orientation (clockwise or counterclockwise) and the contrast (higher or lower) of a Standard Gabor and a Test Gabor, the latter of which was presented during reach preparation, at the reach target location or the opposite location. Discrimination performance was better overall at the reach target than at the opposite location. Perceived contrast increased continuously at the target relative to the opposite location during reach preparation, that is, after the onset of the cue indicating the reach target. The finding that performance and appearance do not evolve in parallel during reach preparation points to a distinction with saccade preparation, for which we have shown previously there is a parallel temporal evolution of performance and appearance. Yet akin to saccade preparation, this study reveals that overall reach preparation enhances both visual performance and appearance.

Investigating the impact of teacher practices and noncognitive factors on mathematics achievement

2019 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-45
Author(s):  
Tristan Hann
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Achievement ◽  
Mathematics Anxiety ◽  
Project Based Learning ◽  
School Level ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
International Student Assessment ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Noncognitive Factors ◽  
The Impact

It is with increasing importance that mathematics education research considers the role of noncognitive motivation variables alongside elements of the classroom context in investigations of student mathematics performance. This study uses a hierarchical linear modeling framework to predict mathematics achievement from three classroom variables, project-based learning, group collaboration, and student-driven curriculum, and two noncognitive factors, mathematics anxiety and mathematics self-concept, utilizing data from the 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) United States sample. Findings suggest that mathematics classroom contexts that are student-driven and integrate project-based learning positively impact mathematics achievement, and that both mathematics anxiety and mathematics self-concept contribute significantly towards explaining variation in mathematics achievement after accounting for gender, race, socioeconomic status, truancy, and school-level poverty.

scholarly journals Why Sniff Fast? The Relationship Between Sniff Frequency, Odor Discrimination, and Receptor Neuron Activation in the Rat

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 1089-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Wesson ◽  
Justus V. Verhagen ◽  
Matt Wachowiak
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Olfactory Receptor Neuron ◽  
Odor Discrimination ◽  
Receptor Neuron ◽  
Odor Coding ◽  
Rapid Sampling ◽  
Neuron Activation ◽  
Sampling Behavior ◽  
Multiple Samples

Many mammals display brief bouts of high-frequency (4–10 Hz) sniffing when sampling odors. Given this, high-frequency sniffing is thought to play an important role in odor information processing. Here, we asked what role rapid sampling behavior plays in odor coding and odor discrimination by monitoring sniffing during performance of discrimination tasks under different paradigms and across different levels of difficulty and by imaging olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) input to the olfactory bulb (OB) during behavior. To eliminate confounds of locomotion and object approach, all experiments were performed in head-fixed rats. Rats showed individual differences in sniffing strategies that emerged during discrimination learning, with some rats showing brief bouts of rapid sniffing on odorant onset and others showing little or no change in sniff frequency. All rats performed with high accuracy, indicating that rapid sniffing is not necessary for odor discrimination. Sniffing strategies remained unchanged even when task difficulty was increased. In the imaging experiments, rapid sniff bouts did not alter the magnitude of odorant-evoked inputs compared with trials in which rapid sniffing was not expressed. Furthermore, rapid sniff bouts typically began before detectable activation of ORNs and ended immediately afterward. Thus rapid sniffing did not enable multiple samples of an odorant before decision-making. These results suggest that the major functional contribution of rapid sniffing to odor discrimination performance is to enable the animal to acquire the stimulus more quickly once it is available rather than to directly influence the low-level neural processes underlying odor perception.

Income satisfaction among Millennials during COVID-19: the interplay among cognitive, noncognitive and financial factors

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malvika Chhatwani
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Financial Education ◽  
High Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Noncognitive Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Income Satisfaction

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine income satisfaction among Millennials during COVID-19. The authors explore the roles of cognitive factors: financial literacy and noncognitive factors: personality traits. Further, the authors also determine if financial status moderates the linkage between consumers' financial literacy and income satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachThe sample size of the study is 1754, and the data were collected from April to December 2020. The authors employ ordered logistic regression analysis in the study.FindingsThe authors find that financially literate Millennials report high-income satisfaction during the pandemic. However, the impact of the cognitive factor gets nullified after considering the role of noncognitive factors. Further, income moderates the linkage between financial literacy and income satisfaction such that financially literate consumers in the high-income category derived more income satisfaction.Practical implicationsConsumer financial education should become more pervasive, and the focus should be placed on high-income consumers as, without financial literacy, they may not report high-income satisfaction. Further, the marketers should also keep in mind that personality traits play an important role in consumers' overall satisfaction, so financial services and products should be designed considering consumer personality traits.Originality/valueThe primary contribution of the paper is to show the positive impact of cognitive and noncognitive factors on income satisfaction. Moreover, personality traits are stronger predictors of income satisfaction such that extroverted individuals have high satisfaction, whereas openness to experience and neuroticism is negatively related to income satisfaction among Millennials.

scholarly journals Does Vigilance to Pain Make Individuals Experts in Facial Recognition of Pain?

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Baum ◽  
Judith Kappesser ◽  
Raphaela Schneider ◽  
Stefan Lautenbacher
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Facial Recognition ◽  
Pain Catastrophizing ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Fear Of Pain ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Attentional Mechanism ◽  
Relevant Factors

BACKGROUND: It is well known that individual factors are important in the facial recognition of pain. However, it is unclear whether vigilance to pain as a pain-related attentional mechanism is among these relevant factors.OBJECTIVES: Vigilance to pain may have two different effects on the recognition of facial pain expressions: pain-vigilant individuals may detect pain faces better but overinclude other facial displays, misinterpreting them as expressing pain; or they may be true experts in discriminating between pain and other facial expressions. The present study aimed to test these two hypotheses. Furthermore, pain vigilance was assumed to be a distinct predictor, the impact of which on recognition cannot be completely replaced by related concepts such as pain catastrophizing and fear of pain.METHODS: Photographs of neutral, happy, angry and pain facial expressions were presented to 40 healthy participants, who were asked to classify them into the appropriate emotion categories and provide a confidence rating for each classification. Additionally, potential predictors of the discrimination performance for pain and anger faces – pain vigilance, pain-related catastrophizing, fear of pain – were assessed using self-report questionnaires.RESULTS: Pain-vigilant participants classified pain faces more accurately and did not misclassify anger as pain faces more frequently. However, vigilance to pain was not related to the confidence of recognition ratings. Pain catastrophizing and fear of pain did not account for the recognition performance.CONCLUSIONS: Moderate pain vigilance, as assessed in the present study, appears to be associated with appropriate detection of pain-related cues and not necessarily with the overinclusion of other negative cues.

scholarly journals Noncognitive Factors Affecting Academic Achievement of Juvenile Delinquents

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-368
Author(s):  
David Coker
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Juvenile Delinquents ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Prosocial Skills ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Noncognitive Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

The present study provides a description and analysis of the plight of first-time detained juvenile delinquents in the United States and the impact of noncognitive attributes and academic achievement on grades. Juvenile delinquents have poor outcomes as adults in higher rates of drug abuse, poor high school graduation rates, and lowered employment well into adulthood. The research questions examined the correlation among the noncognitive attributes of grit, academic self-concept, mental health, and self-esteem, academic achievement, and English and Mathematics grades for first-time detained juvenile delinquents aged 10-18. A multiple regression analysis of archival records of students in a short-term juvenile detention center was conducted. Findings showed three predictor variables were statistically significant and influenced academic performance measured by grades: verbal ability, social self-esteem, and prosocial skills. For juvenile delinquents (n = 72; males = 58, females = 14) aged 10-18 (M =15.3; SD = 1.6; range 10-18), the three predictor variables predicted English grades (adjusted R2 = .280) and Mathematics grades (adjusted R2 = .225). There was a discussion and recommendations for policies and research. The results support the need to consider noncognitive factors and the consideration of communication skills in the education of juvenile delinquents.

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