Mandibular border movements: The two envelopes of motion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Chuhuaicura ◽  
María Florencia Lezcano ◽  
Fernando José Dias ◽  
Aler Daniel Fuentes ◽  
Alain Arias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Two Envelopes

scholarly journals Ratio of Two Envelopes Taken From $\alpha$ -$\mu$ , $\eta$ -$\mu$ , and $\kappa$ -$\mu$ Variates and Some Practical Applications

IEEE Access ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 54449-54463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Rafael Nogueira Da Silva ◽  
Nidhi Simmons ◽  
Elvio J. Leonardo ◽  
Simon L. Cotton ◽  
Michel Daoud Yacoub
Keyword(s):  
Practical Applications ◽  
Two Envelopes

scholarly journals The Ability of an Oligomeric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Envelope Antigen To Elicit Neutralizing Antibodies against Primary HIV-1 Isolates Is Improved following Partial Deletion of the Second Hypervariable Region

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 5526-5540 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Barnett ◽  
S. Lu ◽  
I. Srivastava ◽  
S. Cherpelis ◽  
A. Gettie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Hypervariable Region ◽  
Partial Deletion ◽  
Clade B ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Two Envelopes ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Partial deletion of the second hypervariable region from the envelope of the primary-like SF162 virus increases the exposure of certain neutralization epitopes and renders the virus, SF162ΔV2, highly susceptible to neutralization by clade B and non-clade B human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-positive) sera (L. Stamatatos and C. Cheng-Mayer, J. Virol. 78:7840–7845, 1998). This observation led us to propose that the modified, SF162ΔV2-derived envelope may elicit higher titers of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies than the unmodified SF162-derived envelope. To test this hypothesis, we immunized rabbits and rhesus macaques with the gp140 form of these two envelopes. In rabbits, both immunogens elicited similar titers of binding antibodies but the modified immunogen was more effective in eliciting neutralizing antibodies, not only against the SF162ΔV2 and SF162 viruses but also against several heterologous primary HIV type 1 (HIV-1) isolates. In rhesus macaques both immunogens elicited potent binding antibodies, but again the modified immunogen was more effective in eliciting the generation of neutralizing antibodies against the SF162ΔV2 and SF162 viruses. Antibodies capable of neutralizing several, but not all, heterologous primary HIV-1 isolates tested were elicited only in macaques immunized with the modified immunogen. The efficiency of neutralization of these heterologous isolates was lower than that recorded against the SF162 isolate. Our results strongly suggest that although soluble oligomeric envelope subunit vaccines may elicit neutralizing antibody responses against heterologous primary HIV-1 isolates, these responses will not be broad and potent unless specific modifications are introduced to increase the exposure of conserved neutralization epitopes.

Conditionals, Probabilities, and Utilities: More on Two Envelopes

Mind ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 119 (473) ◽  
pp. 171-183
Author(s):  
B. D. Katz ◽  
D. Olin
Keyword(s):  
Two Envelopes

scholarly journals FINE STRUCTURE AND ORGANELLE ASSOCIATIONS IN BROWN ALGAE

1965 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Benjamin Bouck
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Brown Algae ◽  
Algal Cell ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Membrane Systems ◽  
Two Envelopes

The structural interrelationships among several membrane systems in the cells of brown algae have been examined by electron microscopy. In the brown algae the chloroplasts are surrounded by two envelopes, the outer of which in some cases is continuous with the nuclear envelope. The pyrenoid, when present, protrudes from the chloroplast, is also surrounded by the two chloroplast envelopes, and, in addition, is capped by a third dilated envelope or "pyrenoid sac." The regular apposition of the membranes around the pyrenoid contrasts with their looser appearance over the remainder of the chloroplast. The Golgi apparatus is closely associated with the nuclear envelope in all brown algae examined, but in the Fucales this association may extend to portions of the cytoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum as well. Evidence is presented for the derivation of vesicles, characteristic of those found in the formative region of the Golgi apparatus, from portions of the underlying nuclear envelope. The possibility that a structural channeling system for carbohydrate reserves and secretory precursors may be present in brown algae is considered. Other features of the brown algal cell, such as crystal-containing bodies, the variety of darkly staining vacuoles, centrioles, and mitochondria, are examined briefly, and compared with similar structures in other plant cells.

King Apil-Sîn confirms the judgment of Sumulael

Iraq ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 73-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Al-ʿAdami
Keyword(s):  
Level Ii ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Two Envelopes ◽  
Inner Envelope

IM 85928, the tablet published here, was discovered at Sippar during the first season of excavations conducted in 1978 by the Department of Archaeology, College of Arts, University of Baghdad. The find-spot was Room 29, under Level II. The tablet measures 12.4 × 6.3 × 4.2 cm. It was enclosed in two envelopes. The outer of the two envelopes was not inscribed. The inner envelope is inscribed on obverse and reverse with 45 lines of text. A further six labels (kišib PN) are written at random on the top and left edges. The tablet itself is inscribed on obverse and reverse with 34 lines.The text is a juridical document which describes a case brought before King Apil-Sîn of Babylon, the grandfather of Hammurapi, by one Šamaš-šarrum and others. A certain Nūr-ilīšu has laid claim to some of the plaintiffs' property. Their case is that the houses in question were granted to them by Apil-Sîn's own grandfather, King Sumulael. The outcome of the royal hearing is that Apil-Sîn returns ownership of the properties to Šamaš-šarrum and his fellow litigants, and Nūr-ilīšu is sworn to forgo any further claim against them in perpetuity. Among the witnesses are well-known notables of Sippar, including the šangûm-priests Lipit-Ištar and Šamuḫ-Sîn, and also the king's aunt, Ayyālatum, daughter of Sumulael. The tablet is dated to “the year following that of Apil-Sîn”, which presumably means his second year.

scholarly journals The Interiors of Jupiter and Saturn

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravit Helled
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Gravitational Fields ◽  
Deep Interior ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Two Envelopes ◽  
Heat Transport Mechanism ◽  
Alternative Structure

Probing the interiors of the gaseous giant planets in our solar system is not an easy task. It requires a set of accurate measurements combined with theoretical models that are used to infer the planetary composition and its depth dependence. The masses of Jupiter and Saturn are 317.83 and 95.16 Earth masses (M⊕), respectively, and since a few decades, it has been known that they mostly consist of hydrogen and helium. The mass of heavy elements (all elements heavier than helium) is not well determined, nor are their distribution within the planets. While the heavy elements are not the dominating materials inside Jupiter and Saturn, they are the key to understanding the planets’ formation and evolutionary histories. The planetary internal structure is inferred from theoretical models that fit the available observational constraints by using theoretical equations of states (EOSs) for hydrogen, helium, their mixtures, and heavier elements (typically rocks and/or ices). However, there is no unique solution for determining the planetary structure and the results depend on the used EOSs as well as the model assumptions imposed by the modeler. Major model assumptions that can affect the derived internal structure include the number of layers, the heat transport mechanism within the planet (and its entropy), the nature of the core (compact vs. diluted), and the location (pressure) of separation between the two envelopes. Alternative structure models assume a less distinct division between the layers and /or a non-homogenous distribution of the heavy elements. The fact that the behavior of hydrogen at high pressures and temperatures is not perfectly known and that helium may separate from hydrogen at the deep interior add sources of uncertainty to structure models. In the 21st century, with accurate measurements of the gravitational fields of Jupiter and Saturn from the Juno and Cassini missions, structure models can be further constrained. At the same time, these measurements introduce new challenges for planetary modelers.

An Inside Look at the Two Envelopes Paradox

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruma Falk ◽  
Raymond S. Nickerson
Keyword(s):  
Two Envelopes
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