Technology Choice and Coalition Formation in Standards Wars

The implementation of urban village wastewater treatment plants in developing countries has historically been primarily a function of appropriate technology choice and deciding which of the many needy communities should receive the available funding and priority attention. Usually this process is driven by an outside funding agency who views the planning, design, and construction steps as relatively insignificant milestones in the overall effort required to quickly better a community's sanitary drainage problems. With the exception of very small scale type sanitation projects which have relatively simple replication steps, the development emphasis tends to be on the final treatment plant product with little or no attention specifically focused on community participation and institutionalizing national and local policies and procedures needed for future locally sponsored facilities replication. In contrast to this, the Government of Egypt (GOE) enacted a fresh approach through a Local Development Program with the United States AID program. An overview is presented of the guiding principals of the program which produced the first 24 working wastewater systems including gravity sewers, sewage pumping stations and wastewater treatment plants which were designed and constructed by local entities in Egypt. The wastewater projects cover five different treatment technologies implemented in both delta and desert regions.

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Coalition Formation by Sophisticated Players

10.1007/978-3-642-48312-7 ◽

1979 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Amnon Rapoport ◽

James P. Kahan ◽

Sandra G. Funk ◽

Abraham D. Horowitz

Keyword(s):

Coalition Formation

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Minority Presidents in a Coalitional World

10.1093/oso/9780198817208.003.0010 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Chaisty ◽

Nic Cheeseman ◽

Timothy J. Power

Keyword(s):

Coalition Formation ◽

Cost Minimization ◽

Analytical Framework ◽

System Level ◽

Current State ◽

Key Concepts ◽

Definition Of

This chapter summarizes the main parameters of coalitional presidentialism and the key concepts, definitions, explanatory frameworks, indicators, and propositions. It summarizes our understanding of coalitional presidentialism; the distinction between coalition formation and maintenance; the definition of coalitions; the multidimensional understanding of coalition management (the ‘presidential toolbox’); and an analytical framework that emphasizes the motivation of presidents to achieve cost minimization under constraints determined by system-level, coalition-level, and conjunctural factors. It also summarizes our main empirical findings: (1) the characteristics of presidential tools, (2) the substantive patterns of their deployment, (3) the factors that shape the costs of using these tools, (4) the actual (observed) costs of using them, and (5) the potential for imperfect substitutability of these tools. Finally, it concludes with some reflections on the current state of the research on comparative presidentialism.

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