scholarly journals Relation between hyponatraemia and falls by acute hospitalised patients: A case‐control study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Aranda‐Gallardo ◽  
Antonio Gonzalez‐Lozano ◽  
Jose Ivan Oña‐Gil ◽  
Jose Miguel Morales‐Asencio ◽  
Ana Mora‐Banderas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Associations between hyponatraemia, volume depletion and the risk of falls in US hospitalised patients: a case–control study

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. e017045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A Fehlberg ◽  
Robert J Lucero ◽  
Michael T Weaver ◽  
Anna M McDaniel ◽  
A Michelle Chandler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Volume Depletion ◽  
Abnormal Laboratory ◽  
Laboratory Values ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Control Study

ObjectiveWe aimed to determine if abnormal laboratory values which may indicate volume depletion are associated with increased odds of experiencing a hospital-acquired fall.DesignMatched case–control study.SettingFour hospitals located in the Southeast USA.ParticipantsData from 699 adult fallers and 1189 matched controls (non-fallers) were collected via chart review from 2005 to 2010. Controls were matched to cases by nursing unit, time of fall and length of stay.Outcome measuresThe primary exposures included serum sodium, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, BUN/creatinine ratio and haematocrit. Conditional logistic regression with m:n matching was used to determine adjusted and unadjusted ORs.ResultsSerum sodium levels were strongly associated with falls. In models controlling for demographic and other fall risk factors, patients with serum sodium levels of 125 mEq/L or less were associated with increased odds of experiencing a fall as compared with those with serum sodium levels of greater than 134 mEq/L (adjusted OR (aOR)=5.08, 95% CI 1.43 to 18.08). Conversely, elevated BUN, creatinine and elevated BUN/creatinine ratios were not associated with increased odds of experiencing a fall (aOR=0.64, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.84; aOR=0.70, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.92 and aOR=0.77, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.04, respectively.)ConclusionsLaboratory indices that may indicate volume depletion appear to be unrelated to falls. However, hyponatraemia does appear to be a risk factor for falls, and those with serum sodium levels below 126 mEq/L are at especially high risk. It may be that other deficits associated with hyponatraemia, like altered mental status, are associated with risk of experiencing a hospital-acquired fall. These results indicate that abnormal laboratory values, like low sodium, can be useful for identifying hospitalised patients at risk of falling. Therefore, further investigation into abnormal laboratory values as predictors of hospital-acquired falls is warranted.

A Case-Control Study of the Causes of Acute Respiratory Infection among Hospitalized Patients in Northeastern Laos

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koukeo Phommasone ◽  
Xaipasong Xaiyaphet ◽  
Jose A. Garcia-Rivera ◽  
Robert D. Hontz ◽  
Viengmone Pathavongsa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Provincial Hospital ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Virus Influenza

Abstract Background With the advent of highly sensitive real-time PCR, multiple pathogens have been identified from nasopharyngeal swabs of patients with acute respiratory infections (ARIs). However, the detection of microorganisms in the upper respiratory tract does not necessarily indicate disease causation. We conducted a matched case-control study, nested within a broader fever aetiology project, to facilitate determination of the aetiology of ARIs in hospitalised patients in Northeastern Laos. Methods Consenting febrile patients of any age admitted to Xiengkhuang Provincial Hospital were included if they met the inclusion criteria for ARI presentation (at least one of the following: cough, rhinorrhoea, nasal congestion, sore throat, difficulty breathing, and/or abnormal chest auscultation). One healthy control for each patient, matched by sex, age, and village of residence, was recruited for the study. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from participants and tested for 33 pathogens by probe-based multiplex real-time RT-PCR (FastTrack Diagnostics Respiratory pathogen 33 kit). Attributable fraction of illness for a given microorganism was calculated by comparing results between patients and controls (= 100 *[OR-1]/OR)(OR = Odds Ratio). Results Between 24th June 2019 and 24th June 2020, 205 consenting ARI patients and 205 matching controls were recruited. After excluding eight pairs due to age mismatch, 197 pairs were included in the analysis. Males were predominant with sex ratio 1.2:1 and children < 5 years old accounted for 59% of participants. At least one potential pathogen was detected in 172 (87%) patients and 175 (89%) controls. ARI in admitted patients were attributed to influenza B virus, influenza A virus, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 17.8%, 17.2%, 7.5%, and 6.5% of participants, respectively. SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in any cases or controls. Conclusion Determining ARI aetiology in individual patients remains challenging. Among hospitalised patients with ARI symptoms presenting to a provincial hospital in Northeastern Laos, half were determined to be caused by one of several respiratory viruses, in particular influenza A virus, influenza B virus, HMPV, and RSV.

scholarly journals Risk factors for difficult peripheral venous cannulation in hospitalised patients. Protocol for a multicentre case–control study in 48 units of eight public hospitals in Spain

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e020420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Angel Rodriguez-Calero ◽  
Ismael Fernandez-Fernandez ◽  
Luis Javier Molero-Ballester ◽  
Catalina Matamalas-Massanet ◽  
Luis Moreno-Mejias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Venous Cannulation ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Control Study

IntroductionPatients with difficult venous access experience undesirable effects during healthcare, such as delayed diagnosis and initiation of treatment, stress and pain related to the technique and reduced satisfaction. This study aims to identify risk factors with which to model the appearance of difficulty in achieving peripheral venous puncture in hospital treatment.Methods and analysisCase–control study. We will include adult patients requiring peripheral venous cannulation in eight public hospitals, excluding those in emergency situations and women in childbirth or during puerperium. The nurse who performs the technique will record in an anonymised register variables related to the intervention. Subsequently, a researcher will extract the health variables from the patient’s medical history. Patients who present one of the following conditions will be assigned to the case group: two or more failed punctures, need for puncture support, need for central access after failure to achieve peripheral access, or decision to reject the technique. The control group will be obtained from records of patients who do not meet the above conditions. It has been stated a minimum sample size of 2070 patients, 207 cases and 1863 controls.A descriptive analysis will be made of the distribution of the phenomenon. The variables hypothesised to be risk factors for the appearance of difficult venous cannulation will be studied using a logistic regression model.Ethics and disseminationThe study was funded in January 2017 and obtained ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Balearic Islands. Informed consent will be obtained prior to data collection. Results will be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.

scholarly journals Vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher hospitalisation risk from COVID-19: a retrospective case-control study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward B Jude ◽  
Stephanie F Ling ◽  
Rebecca Allcock ◽  
Beverly X Y Yeap ◽  
Joseph M Pappachan
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Median Serum ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Control Study

Abstract CONTEXT One of the risk factors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is postulated to be vitamin D deficiency. To understand better the role of vitamin D deficiency in the disease course of COVID-19, we undertook a retrospective case-control study in the North West of England (NWE). OBJECTIVE To examine whether hospitalisation with COVID-19 is more prevalent in individuals with lower vitamin D levels. METHODS The study included individuals with results of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) between 1 st April 2020 and 29th January 2021. Patients were recruited from two districts in NWE. The last 25(OH)D level in the previous 12 months was categorised as ‘deficient’ if less than 25 nmol/L and ‘insufficient’ if 25-50 nmol/L. RESULTS 80,670 participants were entered into the study. Of these, 1,808 were admitted to hospital with COVID-19, of whom 670 died. In a primary cohort, median serum 25(OH)D in participants who were not hospitalised with COVID-19 was 50.0 [interquartile range, IQR 34.0-66.7] nmol/L versus 35.0 [IQR 21.0-57.0] nmol/L in those admitted with COVID-19 (p &lt;0.005). There were similar findings in a validation cohort (median serum 25(OH)D 47.1 [IQR 31.8-64.7] nmol/L in non-hospitalised versus 33.0 [IQR 19.4-54.1] nmol/L in hospitalised patients). Age-, sex- and seasonal variation-adjusted odds ratios for hospital admission were 2.3-2.4 times higher among participants with serum 25(OH)D &lt;50 nmol/L, compared to those with normal serum 25(OH)D levels, without any excess mortality risk. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation. Widespread measurement of serum 25(OH)D and treating any unmasked insufficiency or deficiency through testing may reduce this risk.

scholarly journals Risk of drug-induced interstitial lung disease in hospitalised patients: a nested case–control study

Thorax ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. thoraxjnl-2020-215824
Author(s):  
Taisuke Jo ◽  
Nobuaki Michihata ◽  
Hayato Yamana ◽  
Kojiro Morita ◽  
Miho Ishimaru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Lung Disease ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Main Diagnosis ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Control Study

IntroductionInformation on drug-induced interstitial lung disease (DILD) is limited due to its low incidence. This study investigated the frequencies of drug categories with potential risk in patients developing DILD during hospitalisation and analysed the risk of developing DILD associated with each of these drugs.MethodsUsing a Japanese national inpatient database, we identified patients without interstitial pneumonia on admission who developed DILD and required corticosteroid therapy during hospitalisation from July 2010 to March 2016. We conducted a nested case–control study; four controls from the entire non-DILD patient cohort were matched to each DILD case on age, sex, main diagnosis, admission year and hospital. We defined 42 classified categories of drugs with 216 generic names as drugs with potential risk of DILD, and we identified the use of these drugs during hospitalisation for each patient. We analysed the association between each drug category and DILD development using conditional logistic regression analyses.ResultsWe retrospectively identified 2342 patients who developed DILD. After one-to-four case–control matching, 1541 case patients were matched with 5677 control patients. Six drug categories were significantly associated with the increased occurrence of DILD. These included epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (OR: 16.84, 95% CI 9.32 to 30.41) and class III antiarrhythmic drugs (OR: 7.01, 95% CI 3.86 to 12.73). Statins were associated with reduced risk of DILD (OR: 0.68, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.92).ConclusionsWe demonstrated significant associations between various drug categories and DILD. Our findings provide useful information on drug categories with potential risk to help physicians prevent and treat DILD.

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