The six-spot-step test - a new method for monitoring walking ability in patients with chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy

Melissa Kreutzfeldt; Henrik B. Jensen; Mads Ravnborg; Lars H. Markvardsen; Henning Andersen; Søren H. Sindrup

doi:10.1111/jns.12210

Correlation Scale, Functional Tests and Comorbidities with Episodes in Cerebrovascular Accident

Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes ◽

10.46642/efd.v26i282.1795 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (282) ◽

pp. 30-43

Author(s):

Dérrick Patrick Artioli ◽

Gladson Ricardo Flor Bertolini

Keyword(s):

Neuromuscular Control ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Step Test ◽

Walking Ability ◽

Functional Tests ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Postural Changes ◽

Level Function ◽

Risk Of Falls ◽

Correlation Scale

Introduction: In assessing patients with a stroke sequel, tonic and postural changes are generally evaluated, but other important information, such as functional capacity, risk of falls, and gait, should also be taken into account. Objective: To correlate the impairment level determined by Brunnstrom's scale, the results of functional tests and analyze the characteristics of the sample as being affected by comorbidities, time and number of strokes occurred. Methods: Cross-sectional evaluation of 50 patients (convenience) at a center of public rehabilitation, using Brunnstrom's scale (1-6, better limb ability closer to 6), Time Up and Go (TUG) (significant mobility deficit and in risk of falls above 20 seconds), Upright Motor Control Test (UMCT) (1-3, bellow 3 are household walkers), Step Test (ST) (disparity between member refers to slower individuals), registration of comorbidity and the time since the stroke happened and the number of episodes. Results: Grade "4" rated for upper and lower limbs by Brunnstrom's Scale, achieving over 20 seconds in TUG, level 2 in UMCT, and commitment of paretic member related to non-paretic on the ST (p<0.01). There was no influence of the time or number of strokes suffered. The main associations found were hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Conclusion: The Brunnstrom's scale appointed moderate level function impairment for upper and lower limbs. Wherein association with functional tests determines slower and vulnerable individuals, with disability in changing the load support between members, neuromuscular control and balance deficit, fall risk and compromised walking ability.

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The Six Spot Step Test: a new measurement for walking ability in multiple sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis Journal ◽

10.1191/1352458506ms1293oa ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 495-500 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

M M Nieuwenhuis ◽

H Van Tongeren ◽

P S Sørensen ◽

M Ravnborg

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Dynamic Range ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Step Test ◽

Walking Ability ◽

Floor Effect ◽

Intra Class Correlation ◽

Disability Status ◽

Field Measuring ◽

Normal Controls

Objective The primary objective of this study was to develop a quantitative test to assess ambulation in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients that is more accurate and sensitive than the Timed 25-foot walk (T25FW). For this purpose, we developed the Six Spot Step Test (SSST), which besides speed includes co-ordination and balance, to be a lower limb counterpart to the 9-Hole Peg Test (9HPT). Background The T25FW, which is the ambulation test of the MS Functional Composite (MSFC), reflects only the speed component of walking. The lack of sensitivity to other components of gait adds to the floor effect. Methods and patients In the SSST, the patient is instructed to walk as quickly as possible from one end to the other of a rectangular field measuring 1× 5 m, while kicking five cylinder blocks out of five circles marked on the floor. Some 151 MS patients with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score 0-6.5 and 64 normal controls performed the SSST and the T25FW. In addition, 41 patients performed the tests twice. Results The range of the SSST (4.7-35.1 seconds) was wider than that of the T25FW (3.5-22.6 seconds). Using control mean+ 2 SD as cut off, 107 patients had abnormal SSST, while 100 patients had abnormal T25FW. The T25FW (mean) increased 2.1 seconds over the EDSS range of 0-4.0, while the SSST increased 4.9 seconds. The intra-class correlation between repeated tests (r) was 0.95 for the SSST and 0.96 for the T25FW. The correlation between the SSST and the T25FW was high ( r=0.92). Conclusion The SSST seems to be superior to the T25FW in terms of dynamic range, floor effect and discriminatory power. The SSST is a relevant alternative for the T25FW as the ambulation component of the MSFC.

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Effects of Cistanche tubulosa Wight Extract on Locomotive Syndrome: A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Double-Blind Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13010264 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 264

Author(s):

Yuna Inada ◽

Chihiro Tohda ◽

Ximeng Yang

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Blind Study ◽

Step Test ◽

Walking Ability ◽

Double Blind Study ◽

Locomotive Syndrome ◽

Double Blind ◽

Cistanche Tubulosa

In an aging society, preventing dysfunction and restoring function of the locomotive organs are necessary for long-term quality of life. Few interventional studies have investigated supplementation for locomotive syndrome. Additionally, very few interventional clinical studies on locomotive syndrome have been performed as placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind studies. We previously found that the administration of 30% ethanolic extract of Cistanche tubulosa improved walking ability in a cast-immobilized skeletal muscle atrophy mouse model. Therefore, we conducted a clinical study to evaluate the effects of C. tubulosa (CT) extract on the locomotive syndrome. Twenty-six subjects with pre-symptomatic or mild locomotive syndrome completed all tests and were analyzed in the study. Analyses of muscle mass and physical activity were performed based on the full analysis set. Intake of CT extract for 12 weeks increased step width (two-step test) and gait speed (5 m walking test) in patients over 60 years old compared with those in a placebo control (p = 0.046). In contrast, the skeletal muscle mass of the body trunk and limbs was unchanged following administration of CT extract. Adverse effects were evaluated by blood tests; no obvious adverse events were observed following the intake of CT extract. In conclusion, this placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study demonstrated that treatment with CT extract significantly prevented a decline in walking ability without any notable adverse effects in patients with locomotive syndrome.

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Selective Sampling and Orientation of Non-Homogeneous Tissues

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100100238 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 98-99

Author(s):

C. C. Clawson ◽

L. W. Anderson ◽

R. A. Good

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Random Sampling ◽

New Method ◽

Microscope Examination ◽

Small Areas ◽

Selective Sampling ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Specific Orientation

Investigations which require electron microscope examination of a few specific areas of non-homogeneous tissues make random sampling of small blocks an inefficient and unrewarding procedure. Therefore, several investigators have devised methods which allow obtaining sample blocks for electron microscopy from region of tissue previously identified by light microscopy of present here techniques which make possible: 1) sampling tissue for electron microscopy from selected areas previously identified by light microscopy of relatively large pieces of tissue; 2) dehydration and embedding large numbers of individually identified blocks while keeping each one separate; 3) a new method of maintaining specific orientation of blocks during embedding; 4) special light microscopic staining or fluorescent procedures and electron microscopy on immediately adjacent small areas of tissue.

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