scholarly journals Revisiting the effects of Parkinson's disease and frontal lobe lesions on task switching: The role of rule reconfiguration

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angie A. Kehagia ◽  
Roger A. Barker ◽  
Trevor W. Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Frontal Lobe Lesions

scholarly journals The Role of the Frontal Lobe in Complex Walking Among Patients With Parkinson’s Disease and Healthy Older Adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 963-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inbal Maidan ◽  
Freek Nieuwhof ◽  
Hagar Bernad-Elazari ◽  
Miriam F. Reelick ◽  
Bas R. Bloem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Healthy Older Adults

An Update on the Role of Nitric Oxide in the Neurodegenerative Processes of Parkinson's Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (24) ◽  
pp. 2666-2679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix Jiménez-Jiménez ◽  
Hortensia Alonso-Navarro ◽  
María Herrero ◽  
Elena García-Martín ◽  
José Agúndez
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease

Peripheral Immunity, Immunoaging and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (20) ◽  
pp. 3719-3753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasa Kustrimovic ◽  
Franca Marino ◽  
Marco Cosentino
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Neurodegenerative Process ◽  
Progressive Degeneration ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Inflammatory Phenotype ◽  
Immune Challenges

:Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder among elderly population, characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. To date, exact cause remains unknown and the mechanism of neurons death uncertain. It is typically considered as a disease of central nervous system (CNS). Nevertheless, numerous evidence has been accumulated in several past years testifying undoubtedly about the principal role of neuroinflammation in progression of PD. Neuroinflammation is mainly associated with presence of activated microglia in brain and elevated levels of cytokine levels in CNS. Nevertheless, active participation of immune system as well has been noted, such as, elevated levels of cytokine levels in blood, the presence of auto antibodies, and the infiltration of T cell in CNS. Moreover, infiltration and reactivation of those T cells could exacerbate neuroinflammation to greater neurotoxic levels. Hence, peripheral inflammation is able to prime microglia into pro-inflammatory phenotype, which can trigger stronger response in CNS further perpetuating the on-going neurodegenerative process.:In the present review, the interplay between neuroinflammation and the peripheral immune response in the pathobiology of PD will be discussed. First of all, an overview of regulation of microglial activation and neuroinflammation is summarized and discussed. Afterwards, we try to collectively analyze changes that occurs in peripheral immune system of PD patients, suggesting that these peripheral immune challenges can exacerbate the process of neuroinflammation and hence the symptoms of the disease. In the end, we summarize some of proposed immunotherapies for treatment of PD.

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