A chloride efflux transporter, BIG RICE GRAIN 1, is involved in mediating grain size and salt tolerance in rice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhijie Ren ◽  
Fenglin Bai ◽  
Jingwen Xu ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Xiaohan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Efflux Transporter

scholarly journals A chloride efflux transporter OsBIRG1 regulates grain size and salt tolerance in rice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhijie Ren ◽  
Fenglin Bai ◽  
Jingwen Xu ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Xiaohan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Efflux Transporter ◽  
Chloride Level ◽  
Chloride Homeostasis ◽  
In The Wild

SummaryGrain size is determined by the number of cells and cell size of the grain. Regulation of grain size is crucial for improving crop yield. However, the genes and underlying molecular mechanisms controlling grain size remain elusive. Here we report a member of Detoxification efflux carrier (DTX)/Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (MATE) family transporter, BIG RICE GRAIN 1 (BIRG1), negatively regulates the grain size in rice. BIRG1 is highly expressed in reproductive organs and roots. In birg1 grain, the size of the outer parenchyma layer cells of spikelet hulls is noticeably larger but the cell number is not altered compared with that in the wild-type (WT) grain. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, BIRG1 exhibits chloride efflux activity. In line with the role of BIRG1 in mediating chloride efflux, the birg1 mutant shows reduced tolerance to salt stress under which the chloride level is toxic. Moreover, the birg1 grains contain higher level of chloride compared to WT grains when grown under normal paddy field. The birg1 roots accumulate more chloride than those of WT under saline condition. Collectively, our findings suggest that BIRG1 functions as a chloride efflux transporter regulating grain size and salt tolerance via controlling chloride homeostasis in rice.

scholarly journals A novel rice grain size gene OsSNB was identified by genome-wide association study in natural population

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. e1008191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaosong Ma ◽  
Fangjun Feng ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Ibrahim Eid Elesawi ◽  
Kai Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Association Study ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Genome Wide

scholarly journals The Rho-family GTPase OsRac1 controls rice grain size and yield by regulating cell division

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (32) ◽  
pp. 16121-16126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Yan Xiong ◽  
Renyi Liu ◽  
Hong-Wei Xue ◽  
Zhenbiao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Rop Gtpase ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Grain Width

Grain size is a key factor for determining grain yield in crops and is a target trait for both domestication and breeding, yet the mechanisms underlying the regulation of grain size are largely unclear. Here we show that the grain size and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) is positively regulated by ROP GTPase (Rho-like GTPase from plants), a versatile molecular switch modulating plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. Overexpression of rice OsRac1ROP not only increases cell numbers, resulting in a larger spikelet hull, but also accelerates grain filling rate, causing greater grain width and weight. As a result, OsRac1 overexpression improves grain yield in O. sativa by nearly 16%. In contrast, down-regulation or deletion of OsRac1 causes the opposite effects. RNA-seq and cell cycle analyses suggest that OsRac1 promotes cell division. Interestingly, OsRac1 interacts with and regulates the phosphorylation level of OsMAPK6, which is known to regulate cell division and grain size in rice. Thus, our findings suggest OsRac1 modulates rice grain size and yield by influencing cell division. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the control of rice grain size and suggests that OsRac1 could serve as a potential target gene for breeding high-yield crops.

scholarly journals Mechanical and Processing Properties of Rice Grains

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weronika Kruszelnicka ◽  
Andrzej Marczuk ◽  
Robert Kasner ◽  
Patrycja Bałdowska-Witos ◽  
Katarzyna Piotrowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Static Compression ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Rice Grains ◽  
Processing Properties

Strength properties of grains have a significant impact on the energy demand of grinding mills. This paper presents the results of tests of strength and energy needed the for destruction of rice grains. The research aim was to experimentally determine mechanical and processing properties of the rice grains. The research problem was formulated in the form of questions: (1) what force and energy are needed to induce a rupture of rice grain of the Oryza sativa L. of long-grain variety? (2) what is the relationship between grain size and strength parameters and the energy of grinding rice grain of the species Oryza sativa L. long-grain variety? In order to find the answer to the problems posed, a static compression test of rice grains was done. The results indicate that the average forces needed to crush rice grain are 174.99 kg m·s−2, and the average energy is 28.03 mJ. There was no statistically significant relationship between the grain volume calculated based on the volumetric mass density Vρ and the crushing energy, nor between the volume Vρ and other strength properties of rice grains. In the case of Vs, a low negative correlation between strength σmin and a low positive correlation between the power inducing the first crack were found for the grain size related volume. A low negative correlation between the grain thickness a3, stresses σmin and work WFmax was found as well as a low positive correlation between thickness a3 and the force inducing the first crack Fmin.

Novel OsGRAS19 mutant, D26, positively regulates grain shape in rice (Oryza sativa)

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhimin Lin ◽  
Jingwan Yan ◽  
Jun Su ◽  
Huaqing Liu ◽  
Changquan Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Grain Shape ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Regulatory Effect ◽  
Site Mutation

Grain size is an important factor in rice yield. Several genes related to grain size have been reported, but most of them are determined by quantitative trail loci (QTL) traits. Gene D26 is a novel site mutation of OsGRAS19 and involved in the brassinosteroid (BR) signalling pathway. However, whether D26 is involved in the process of rice reproductive development remains unclear. Here, gene cloning and functional analysis revealed that D26 has an obvious regulatory effect on grain size. Overexpression or CRISP/Cas9 mutant of D26 also showed that grain size was positively influenced. Cellular analyses show that D26 modulates grain size by promoting cell division and regulating the cell number in the upper epidermis of the glume. The overexpression results further suggest that the level of D26 expression positively impacts grain length and leaf angles and that the expression of several known grain size genes is involved in the regulation. Based on our results, D26, as a transcription factor, effectively improves rice grain shape.

scholarly journals GW10, a Member of P450 Subfamily Regulates Grain Size and Grain Number in Rice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
PengLin Zhan ◽  
Xin Wei ◽  
Zhili Xiao ◽  
Xiaoling Wang ◽  
Shuaipeng Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Shape ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Chromosome 10 ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Tropical Japonica ◽  
Donor Parent ◽  
Lower Expression ◽  
Recipient Parent

Abstract Grain size and grain number play extremely important roles in rice grain yield. Here, we identify GW10 , which encodes a P450 subfamily protein and controlls grain size and grain number by using Lemont ( tropical japonica ) as donor parent and HJX74 ( indica ) as recipient parent. The GW10 locus was mapped into a 20.1 kb region on the long arm of Chromosome 10. Lower expression of the gw10 in panicle is contributed to the shorter and narrower rice grain, and the increased number of grains per panicle. Furthermore, the higher expression levels of some of the brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis and response genes are associated with the NIL- GW10 , which strongly suggests that the GW10 is a key node in the brassinosteroid-mediated regulation of rice grain shape and grain number.

scholarly journals OsmiR396/Growth Regulating Factor modulate rice grain size through direct regulation of embryo-specific miR408

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofang Yang ◽  
Xiaoling Zhao ◽  
Zhengyan Dai ◽  
Feilong Ma ◽  
Xuexia Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Indica Rice ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetic Regulatory Networks ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Size Regulation

Abstract microRNAs (miRNAs) are promising targets for crop improvement of complex agricultural traits. Coordinated activity between/among different miRNAs may fine-tune specific developmental processes in diverse organisms. Grain size is a main factor determining rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop yield, but the network of miRNAs influencing this trait remains uncharacterized. Here we show that sequestering OsmiR396 through target mimicry (MIM396) can substantially increase grain size in several japonica and indica rice subspecies and in plants with excessive tillers and a high panicle density. Thus, OsmiR396 has a major role related to the regulation of rice grain size. The grain shape of Growth Regulating Factor8 (OsGRF8)-overexpressing transgenic plants was most similar to that of MIM396 plants, suggesting OsGRF8 is a major mediator of OsmiR396 in grain size regulation. A miRNA microarray analysis revealed changes to the expression of many miRNAs, including OsmiR408, in the MIM396 plants. Analyses of gene expression patterns and functions indicated OsmiR408 is an embryo-specific miRNA that positively regulates grain size. Silencing OsmiR408 expression (miR408KO) using CRISPR technology resulted in small grains. Moreover, we revealed the direct regulatory effects of OsGRF8 on OsMIR408 expression. A genetic analysis further showed that the large-grain phenotype of MIM396 plants could be complemented by miR408KO. Also, several hormone signaling pathways might be involved in the OsmiR396/GRF-meditated grain size regulation. Our findings suggest that genetic regulatory networks comprising various miRNAs, such as OsmiR396 and OsmiR408, may be crucial for controlling rice grain size. Furthermore, the OsmiR396/GRF module may be important for breeding new high-yielding rice varieties.

A Cryptic Inhibitor of Cytokinin Phosphorelay Controls Rice Grain Size

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dapu Liu ◽  
He Zhao ◽  
Yunhua Xiao ◽  
Guoxia Zhang ◽  
Shouyun Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Rice Grain

scholarly journals Image - Rice Grain Scanner: a three-dimensional fully automated assessment of grain size and quality traits

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubens Marschalek ◽  
◽  
Mauricio Cesar Silva ◽  
Samuel Batista dos Santos ◽  
Johnny Ricardo Manke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Automated Assessment

Grain size, sucrose level and starch accumulation in developing rice grain

1978 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1869-1874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rangil Singh ◽  
Consuelo M. Perez ◽  
Cynthia G. Pascual ◽  
Bienvenido O. Juliano
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Sucrose Level
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