Analysis of High-Resolution Utility Data for Understanding Energy Use in Urban Systems: The Case of Los Angeles, California

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Pincetl ◽  
Robert Graham ◽  
Sinnott Murphy ◽  
Deepak Sivaraman
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Urban Systems

Comment on “Analysis of High-Resolution Utility Data for Understanding Energy Use in Urban Systems”

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Robert Gurney ◽  
Risa Patarasuk ◽  
Igor Razlivanov ◽  
Yang Song ◽  
Darragh O'Keeffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Urban Systems

Wastewater treatment and risk assessment in ocean outfall evaluations

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 309-316
Author(s):  
William F. Garber
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Advanced Treatment ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Ocean Outfall ◽  
Treatment And Disposal ◽  
The City

Past evaluations of the success of wastewater treatment and submarine outfall placement and operation have considered only a limited number of parameters affecting the marine and onshore environments. Important questions regarding the best allocation of available funds have not been adequately addressed. The relative contamination of the sea from airborne and landwash contaminants has not been considered. Neither has the increased air pollution deriving from the energy required for advanced treatment. Similarly, regular epidemiological studies to evaluate actual changes in morbidity arising from drastic changes in treatment and disposal have not been made prior to very large committments of funds. Most importantly, little attention has been given to the relative ranking of all environmental risks within a catchment area. The net result is that, when all factors are considered, the very large expenditures and increased energy use for sanitary wastewater treatment and outfall disposal will have a net negative effect on the physical and societal environment. The City of Los Angeles and the Los Angeles Metropolitan area can be used to illustrate this probability.

scholarly journals Intracellular Energy-Transfer Networks and High-Resolution Respirometry: A Convenient Approach for Studying Their Function

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 2933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marju Puurand ◽  
Kersti Tepp ◽  
Aleksandr Klepinin ◽  
Lyudmila Klepinina ◽  
Igor Shevchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Convenient Approach ◽  
Intracellular Energy Transfer ◽  
Intracellular Energy ◽  
Effect Of Glucose

Compartmentalization of high-energy phosphate carriers between intracellular micro-compartments is a phenomenon that ensures efficient energy use. To connect these sites, creatine kinase (CK) and adenylate kinase (AK) energy-transfer networks, which are functionally coupled to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), could serve as important regulators of cellular energy fluxes. Here, we introduce how selective permeabilization of cellular outer membrane and high-resolution respirometry can be used to study functional coupling between CK or AK pathways and OXPHOS in different cells and tissues. Using the protocols presented here the ability of creatine or adenosine monophosphate to stimulate OXPHOS through CK and AK reactions, respectively, is easily observable and quantifiable. Additionally, functional coupling between hexokinase and mitochondria can be investigated by monitoring the effect of glucose on respiration. Taken together, high-resolution respirometry in combination with permeabilization is a convenient approach for investigating energy-transfer networks in small quantities of cells and tissues in health and in pathology.

Urban Location Determinants: Argos, Gela, and Pergamon

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora P. Crouch
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Rhine River ◽  
Santa Fe ◽  
Urban Location ◽  
The North ◽  
Santa Fe Trail ◽  
Slight Rise

A city is the locus of both sociocultural and physical-technical elements in a society. To begin to understand the importance of both kinds of factors, ancient cities are convenient examples to study, especially dead ones that do not “wiggle” under the microscope. By isolating one urban system (water management) we can begin to understand the complication and variability that characterize these early cities, and hence gain insight into the development of other urban systems, as well as the role that water management plays in the evolution of all cities. The received wisdom about the placement of cities usually rates defense as the primary factor, with access to arable land and concentration of trade activities being the other two important factors. A hill top, a protruding ridge, a peninsula or an isthmus between two rivers—all were sites easily defended by walls and hand weapons. Even a broad plain could be utilized if there were a slight rise that could be fortified, such as at the Mycenaean city of Tiryns in Greece. A city on a slight rise in the midst of broad fields of arable and irrigable soil was ideal. Such a formulation leaves out the possibility of deliberately choosing as a site a port city that tapped directly into grazing lands, or the importance of a balance of either fish or meat complementing cereals in the diet. It is more accurate to say that two kinds of food were necessary, either crops and fish or crops and meat. This concept broadens the number and kinds of “ideal” sites. Trade routes, the third factor, also are more complex in form and have more varied effects on urban location than early theories would admit. There are at least three kinds: 1. Overland routes (e.g., the Santa Fe Trail, with its two terminals at Independence, Mo., and Santa Fe., N.M., with Santa Fe being a crossroads where routes from Los Angeles and Mexico City also converged) 2. Land and water interchanges (the north-south land route through France crossing at Paris the east-west river route along the Seine) 3. Water-water interchanges such as New Orleans (Gulf of Mexico and Mississippi River) or Amsterdam (Rhine River and Atlantic Ocean)

Different Signatures of High Cardiorespiratory Capacity Revealed With Metabolomic Profiling in Elite Athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1156-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Monnerat ◽  
Carlos A.R. Sánchez ◽  
Caleb G.M. Santos ◽  
Dailson Paulucio ◽  
Rodolfo Velasque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Maximal Exercise Test ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Metabolic Alterations

Purpose: High cardiorespiratory capacity is a key determinant of human performance and life expectancy; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate biochemical signatures of endurance-performance athletes using high-resolution nontargeted metabolomics. Methods: Elite long-distance runners with similar training and anthropometrical records were studied. After athletes’ maximal oxygen consumption () was measured, they were divided into 2 groups: low (<65 mL·kg−1·min−1, n = 7) and high (>75 mL·kg−1·min−1, n = 7). Plasma was collected under basal conditions after 12 hours of fasting and after a maximal exercise test (nonfasted) and analyzed by high-resolution LC–MS. Multivariate and univariate statistics were applied. Results: A total of 167 compounds were putatively identified with an LC–MS-based metabolomics pipeline. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis showed a clear separation between groups. Significant variations in metabolites highlighted group differences in diverse metabolic pathways, including lipids, vitamins, amino acids, purine, histidine, xenobiotics, and others, either under basal condition or after the maximal exercise test. Conclusions: Taken together, the metabolic alterations revealed in the study affect cellular energy use and availability, oxidative stress management, muscle damage, central nervous system signaling metabolites, nutrients, and compound bioavailability, providing new insights into metabolic alterations associated with exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness levels in trained athletes.

Towards a 3D Spatial Urban Energy Modelling Approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Marie Bahu ◽  
Andreas Koch ◽  
Enrique Kremers ◽  
Syed Monjur Murshed
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
City Models ◽  
Modelling Approach

Today's needs to reduce the environmental impact of energy use impose dramatic changes for energy infrastructure and existing demand patterns (e.g. buildings) corresponding to their specific context. In addition, future energy systems are expected to integrate a considerable share of fluctuating power sources and equally a high share of distributed generation of electricity. Energy system models capable of describing such future systems and allowing the simulation of the impact of these developments thus require a spatial representation in order to reflect the local context and the boundary conditions. This paper describes two recent research approaches developed at EIFER in the fields of (a) geo-localised simulation of heat energy demand in cities based on 3D morphological data and (b) spatially explicit Agent-Based Models (ABM) for the simulation of smart grids. 3D city models were used to assess solar potential and heat energy demand of residential buildings which enable cities to target the building refurbishment potentials. Distributed energy systems require innovative modelling techniques where individual components are represented and can interact. With this approach, several smart grid demonstrators were simulated, where heterogeneous models are spatially represented. Coupling 3D geodata with energy system ABMs holds different advantages for both approaches. On one hand, energy system models can be enhanced with high resolution data from 3D city models and their semantic relations. Furthermore, they allow for spatial analysis and visualisation of the results, with emphasis on spatially and structurally correlations among the different layers (e.g. infrastructure, buildings, administrative zones) to provide an integrated approach. On the other hand, 3D models can benefit from more detailed system description of energy infrastructure, representing dynamic phenomena and high resolution models for energy use at component level. The proposed modelling strategies conceptually and practically integrate urban spatial and energy planning approaches. The combined modelling approach that will be developed based on the described sectorial models holds the potential to represent hybrid energy systems coupling distributed generation of electricity with thermal conversion systems.

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