Evaluation of thermal and nonthermal treatment of margarine: Pasteurization process efficiency, kinetics of microbial destruction, and changes in thermophysical characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Vatankhah ◽  
Dalia John ◽  
Hosahalli S. Ramaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Thermophysical Characteristics ◽  
Nonthermal Treatment ◽  
Microbial Destruction ◽  
Kinetics Of

scholarly journals The Effect of Electrolytes on the Photodegradation Kinetics of Caffeine

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 644
Author(s):  
Pedro M. Rendel ◽  
Giora Rytwo
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Wastewater Effluents

Unsuccessfully treated by the existing wastewater-treatment processes, caffeine concentrations in wastewater effluents and natural reservoirs are constantly rising. Photodegradation treatment processes are drawing much attention due to their potential to oxidize and remove such, and similar contaminating compounds from treated waters. In continuation to our previous work on the photodegradation kinetics of caffeine in water by UV/H2O2 and UV/TiO2, this work evaluates the influence of various electrolytes, including NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, NaBr, and KBr, on the kinetics of the UV/H2O2 photodegradation of caffeine, aiming at estimating the efficiency of the method in more complex water systems. Results show that the efficiency of the UV/H2O2 photodegradation reactions is strongly affected by ionic strength and the presence of electrolytes in the solution. While chloride electrolytes were shown to optimize or reduce the process efficiency pending on their concentration. The sole presence of NaBr and KBr shows an immediate reduction in the efficiency of the photodegradation. Empirical apparent-rate-coefficients and curves describing the effect of the different electrolytes on the photodegradation kinetics of caffeine are presented.

scholarly journals Intermittent gaslift flows in vertical pipes

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duong Ngoc Hai ◽  
Nguyen Thuc Khang ◽  
Nguyen Duy Thien
Keyword(s):  
Gas Injection ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Numerical Code ◽  
System Of Differential Equations ◽  
Liquid Slug ◽  
Thermophysical Characteristics ◽  
System Parameters ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Liquid Systems

The paper presents the study results of intermittent gaslift. vertical flows using both experiment and theoretical models. To study the influence of medium thermophysical characteristics on the process efficiency, two gas-liquid systems are used in the experiments. The obtained results show that there is a critical gas injection volume, less than that the liquid slug cannot reach the top of the tubing. Correlations for prediction of liquid entrainment in gas core are also shown for two presented gas-liquid systems. Amodified dynamical model was developed. The model consists of a system of differential equations. The resulting system of equations is numerically solved. The numerical code is verified by using experimental data and calculation data of the other authors. Finally, the effects of system parameters are studied.

scholarly journals Akinetic study of the depyritization of oil shale HCl-kerogen concentrate by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans at different temperatures

2003 ◽  
Vol 68 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 417-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Vrvic ◽  
Vesna Dragutinovic ◽  
Valerija Matic ◽  
Snezana Spasic ◽  
Olga Cvetkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Shale ◽  
Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Cell Interior ◽  
Biochemical Kinetics ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Kinetics Of

The results of kinetic studies of bacterial depyritization of HCl-kerogen concentrate of Aleksinac (Serbia) oil shale by the chemolithoautotrophic thionic bacteria Thiobacillus ferrooxidans under discontinuous laboratory conditions at various temperatures (0, 20, 28 and 37 ?C) at a pH of ca. 1.5 are presented in this paper. Low pH prevents the occurrence of the precipitation of iron(III)-ion hydrolysis products on the substrate particles and thereby reduces the process efficiency. Bacterial depyritization is developed as per kinetics of the first order. The activation energy which points to a successive mechanism of pyrite biooxidation, was computed from the Arrhenius plot. The biochemical kinetics indicators point to a high affinity of the bacteria toward pyrite but small values of Vmax, which are probably the result of decelerated metabolic processes due to the low pH value of the environment resp. the large difference of thepHbetween the external medium and the cell interior.

Direct observations of radiation-enhanced transformations in glass

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 354-355
Author(s):  
J. F. DeNatale ◽  
D. G. Howitt
Keyword(s):  
Glass Matrix ◽  
Diffusion Mechanism ◽  
Bubble Formation ◽  
Silicate Glasses ◽  
Phase Decomposition ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
Oxygen Bubble ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
Kinetics Of

The electron irradiation of silicate glasses containing metal cations produces various types of phase separation and decomposition which includes oxygen bubble formation at intermediate temperatures figure I. The kinetics of bubble formation are too rapid to be accounted for by oxygen diffusion but the behavior is consistent with a cation diffusion mechanism if the amount of oxygen in the bubble is not significantly different from that in the same volume of silicate glass. The formation of oxygen bubbles is often accompanied by precipitation of crystalline phases and/or amorphous phase decomposition in the regions between the bubbles and the detection of differences in oxygen concentration between the bubble and matrix by electron energy loss spectroscopy cannot be discerned (figure 2) even when the bubble occupies the majority of the foil depth.The oxygen bubbles are stable, even in the thin foils, months after irradiation and if van der Waals behavior of the interior gas is assumed an oxygen pressure of about 4000 atmospheres must be sustained for a 100 bubble if the surface tension with the glass matrix is to balance against it at intermediate temperatures.

Irradiation behavior of pyrolytic silicon carbide

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 72-73
Author(s):  
R. J. Lauf
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Fission Products ◽  
Thermodynamics And Kinetics ◽  
Neutron Fluences ◽  
Fuel Particles ◽  
Sic Coatings ◽  
Irradiation Behavior ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Htgr Fuel

Fuel particles for the High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR) contain a layer of pyrolytic silicon carbide to act as a miniature pressure vessel and primary fission product barrier. Optimization of the SiC with respect to fuel performance involves four areas of study: (a) characterization of as-deposited SiC coatings; (b) thermodynamics and kinetics of chemical reactions between SiC and fission products; (c) irradiation behavior of SiC in the absence of fission products; and (d) combined effects of irradiation and fission products. This paper reports the behavior of SiC deposited on inert microspheres and irradiated to fast neutron fluences typical of HTGR fuel at end-of-life.

The Ordered Phase Formation in Ti-Al-Ga Alloys

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 440-441
Author(s):  
Shiro Fujishiro ◽  
Harold L. Gegel
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
Growth Kinetics ◽  
Stoichiometric Composition ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Alpha Titanium ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Ordered-alpha titanium alloys having a DO19 type structure have good potential for high temperature (600°C) applications, due to the thermal stability of the ordered phase and the inherent resistance to recrystallization of these alloys. Five different Ti-Al-Ga alloys consisting of equal atomic percents of aluminum and gallium solute additions up to the stoichiometric composition, Ti3(Al, Ga), were used to study the growth kinetics of the ordered phase and the nature of its interface.The alloys were homogenized in the beta region in a vacuum of about 5×10-7 torr, furnace cooled; reheated in air to 50°C below the alpha transus for hot working. The alloys were subsequently acid cleaned, annealed in vacuo, and cold rolled to about. 050 inch prior to additional homogenization

Ion Beam Induced Interfacial Reactions in Molybdenum Thin Films on Silicon

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 162-163
Author(s):  
L. J. Chen ◽  
L. S. Hung ◽  
J. W. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Ion Beam ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Interfacial Reactions ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Microelectronic Devices ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Chemical Vapor Deposited ◽  
Atomic Mixing ◽  
Silicon Interface ◽  
Kinetics Of

When an energetic ion penetrates through an interface between a thin film (of species A) and a substrate (of species B), ion induced atomic mixing may result in an intermixed region (which contains A and B) near the interface. Most ion beam mixing experiments have been directed toward metal-silicon systems, silicide phases are generally obtained, and they are the same as those formed by thermal treatment.Recent emergence of silicide compound as contact material in silicon microelectronic devices is mainly due to the superiority of the silicide-silicon interface in terms of uniformity and thermal stability. It is of great interest to understand the kinetics of the interfacial reactions to provide insights into the nature of ion beam-solid interactions as well as to explore its practical applications in device technology.About 500 Å thick molybdenum was chemical vapor deposited in hydrogen ambient on (001) n-type silicon wafer with substrate temperature maintained at 650-700°C. Samples were supplied by D. M. Brown of General Electric Research & Development Laboratory, Schenectady, NY.

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