The relationship between water‐holding capacities of soybean–whey mixed protein and ice crystal size for ice cream

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yayong Liu ◽  
Aiguo Liu ◽  
Lizeng Liu ◽  
Zhuorui Kan ◽  
Weijia Wang
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Size ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Ice Crystal Size ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Soybean Whey ◽  
Mixed Protein

scholarly journals Characterization of Arctic mixed-phase cloud properties at small scale and coupling with satellite remote sensing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Mioche ◽  
Olivier Jourdan ◽  
Julien Delanoë ◽  
Christophe Gourbeyre ◽  
Guy Febvre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Crystal Size ◽  
Mixed Phase ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Liquid Droplets ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Ice Crystal Size

Abstract. This study aims to characterize the microphysical and optical properties of ice crystals and supercooled liquid droplets within low-level Arctic mixed-phase clouds (MPC). We compiled and analyzed cloud in situ measurements from 4 airborne campaigns (18 flights, 71 vertical profiles in MPC) over the Greenland Sea and the Svalbard region. Cloud phase discrimination and representative vertical profiles of number, size, mass and shapes of ice crystals and liquid droplets are assessed. The results show that the liquid phase dominates the upper part of the MPC with high concentration of small droplets (120 cm−3, 15&tinsp;μm), and averaged LWC around 0.2 g m−3. The ice phase is found everywhere within the MPC layers, but dominates the properties in the lower part of the cloud and below where ice crystals precipitate down to the surface. The analysis of the ice crystal morphology highlights that irregulars and rimed are the main particle habit followed by stellars and plates. We hypothesize that riming and condensational growth processes (including the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisein mechanism) are the main growth mechanisms involved in MPC. The differences observed in the vertical profiles of MPC properties from one campaign to another highlight that large values of LWC and high concentration of smaller droplets are possibly linked to polluted situations which lead to very low values of ice crystal size and IWC. On the contrary, clean situations with low temperatures exhibit larger values of ice crystal size and IWC. Several parameterizations relevant for remote sensing or modeling are also determined, such as IWC (and LWC) – extinction relationship, ice and liquid integrated water paths, ice concentration and liquid water fraction according to temperature. Finally, 4 flights collocated with active remote sensing observations from CALIPSO and CloudSat satellites are specifically analyzed to evaluate the cloud detection and cloud thermodynamical phase DARDAR retrievals. This comparison is valuable to assess the sub-pixel variability of the satellite measurements as well as their shortcomings/performance near the ground.

scholarly journals Microwave assisted freezing part 2: Impact of microwave energy and duty cycle on ice crystal size distribution

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 102359
Author(s):  
Mathieu Sadot ◽  
Sébastien Curet ◽  
Sylvie Chevallier ◽  
Alain Le-Bail ◽  
Olivier Rouaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Crystal Size ◽  
Microwave Energy ◽  
Crystal Size Distribution ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Ice Crystal Size

A COMPARISON OF INJURY AND SURVIVAL OF LARVAE OF CEPHUS CINCTUS NORT. AFTER INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR FREEZING

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Salt
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Crystal Size ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
New Method ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Cephus Cinctus ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Ice Crystal Size

Extracellular freezing of larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., was produced at −2.5 °C by a new method. Slow further cooling to −10, −15, or −20 °C added to extracellular ice with no intracellular freezing. Other larvae that were supercooled to and frozen at −10, −15, or −20 °C froze intracellularly. Comparisons of the effects of these two types of freezing were therefore possible at equivalent temperatures. Level of activity after freezing was used as the criterion of injury.Intracellular freezing was more injurious than extracellular freezing at −15 and −20 °C, but not at −10 °C. Injuries, as well as differences in injury due to type of freezing, decreased gradually to insignificance above −10 °C. Although larvae frozen extracellularly held an initial advantage over those frozen intracellularly, survivors of the latter group retained their vitality better, probably because they lost weight more slowly.Differences in injury and in activity level after freezing at −15 and −20 °C were insufficient to justify the use of freezing site (intracellular or extracellular) as a principal basis for explaining freezing injury. The same conclusion applies to ice crystal size and configuration, which differed vastly in the two types of freezing.These conclusions depend on whether freezing was actually intracellular or extracellular as represented. Strong evidence is presented that freezing was in fact as specified.

Effect of static electric field on ice crystal size reduction during freezing of pork meat

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Xanthakis ◽  
M. Havet ◽  
S. Chevallier ◽  
J. Abadie ◽  
A. Le-Bail
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Crystal Size ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Pork Meat ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Static Electric Field ◽  
Ice Crystal Size

scholarly journals Crystal Size and Orientation Patterns in the Wisconsin-Age Ice from Dye 3, Greenland

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.C. Langway ◽  
H. Shoji ◽  
N. Azuma
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Size ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Axis Orientation ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Core Samples ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Ice Crystal Size ◽  
Velocity Measuring

Crystal size and c-axis orientation patterns were measured on the Dye 3, Greenland, deep ice core in order to investigate time-dependent changes or alterations in the physical character of the core as a function of time after recovery. The physical measurements were expanded to include depth intervals not previously studied in the field. The recent study focused on core samples located between 1786 m and the bottom of the ice sheet at 2037 m.Manual c-axis measurements were made on 23 new thin sections using a Rigsby-type universal stage. A new semi-automatic ultrasonic wave-velocity measuring device was developed in order to compare the results with the earlier manual measurements and to study an additional 114 ice-core samples in the Wisconsin-age ice. Crystal-size measurements were made on specimen surfaces by inducing evaporation grooves at crystal boundaries and measuring linear intercepts. The ultrasonically measured test samples were subsequently cleaned and analyzed by ion chromatography in order to measure impurity concentration levels of Cl−, NO3− and SO42− and study their effects on crystal growth and c-axis orientation.

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